During the acute phase of the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) epidemic in China, complete feed, and feed ingredients from three mills were tested for ASFV DNA by PCR. Across mills, the percentage of positive sample pools detected in complete feed ranged from 0.5% to 1.2%, and from 0.2% to 1.8% in feed ingredients, including positive pools of wheat, rice, corn, and soy samples. This is the first report of ASFV contamination in feed under commercial conditions in China.

Coronavirus disease2019(COVID-19) is a pandemic with no specific therapeutic agents and substantial mortality. It is critical to find new treatments. Convalescent plasma, donated by persons who have recovered from COVID-19, is the acellular component of blood that contains antibodies, including those that specifically recognize SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, for COVID-19 patients, Convalescent plasma, could prove lifesaving, such as improving the clinical symptoms, increasing the neutralizing antibody, decreasing the viral load , reducing the death rate, with safety and without seriously ADE. Meanwhile, it is urgent to perform large sample randomized controlled trials to confirm the transfusion timing, dosage, frequency and actively prevent adverse outcomes that may occur, establishing a standard procedure for treatment from convalescent plasma collection, preservation, transport, to transfusion.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a well-known cause of severe enteric, respiratory, and systemic disease in a wide range of animals and in humans. To understand the route of disease origin and viral transmission in companion animals, a comparative pan-genomic analysis of coronavirus sequences originating from major felines and canines were conducted. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) is a rapid procedure for assessing the very close antigenic relationship between feline CoV (FCoVs) and canine CoV (CCoVs) and ANI-based phylogenetic tree that clustered CoVs according to their respective host species. While pan-genomic analysis demarcated strains clearly. The distribution of the clinical isolates all across the categories in the hierarchical phylogenetic model enabled the visualization of their original ecological niche rather than their isolation source, as infections are extremely rare events and evolutionary dead-ends. In polymorphism analysis, we found seven accessory gene clusters common to the FCoV/CCoV category clade, including pantropic strains, that perform functions supporting their pathogenicity. In addition, the gene presence/absence among FCoVs and CCoVs would provide very valuable information on species-specific control measures against CoV disease, such as the selection of good markers for differentiating new species from common and/or pantropic isolates. Also, the virulent FCoV strains were grouped with human CoV strains NL63 and 229E confirming hypotheses stating that cats are highly susceptible to HCoVs, while dogs have low susceptibility to the virus. In conclusion, the combined analysis allows for better phylogenetic resolution and the implication of virus origins, recombination, and virus–host interaction, as well as biomarkers.

The aim of the present study were to describe for first time the prevalence of porcine r porcine circovirus type-2 (PCV2) among pig farms. PIn conclusion, our results could be the basis of the development of surveillance protocols for a national monitoring system for PRRSV and PCV2, which could prevent future infection of Greek farms.

An 11 years-old male mixed-breed cat, with exclusively indoor life, presented 3 cough episodes after the owners tested positive by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2. The house is inhabited by 5 people (3 adults and 2 children), and 2 of the adults have shown mild symptoms associated with throat discomfort. The cat was vaccinated, had no history of any previous disease, and tested negative for Feline Coronavirus (FeCoV), Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV). Rectal sample collected from the cat was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Viral genome sequences recovered from human and cat samples showed an average 99.4% sequence identity. This is the first report of genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 recovered from a cat and its owner in Latin America.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent that primary cause of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The major genotypes, PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d, are highly prevalent, but now replaced with 2b and 2d in swine population in worldwide. Rep protein is the key protein for viral replication. Compared a large number of Rep protein amino acid (aa) sequences, we found that there were three sites with regular changes between 2b and 2d.In order to analyze the effect of key sites on viral replication, we used site-directed mutagenesis to mutate the 6th aa of Rep (alternations with asparagine and serine) between PCV2b and PCV2d, Two wild-type and two mutant viruses infectious clones were rescued by non-contaminated porcine kidney-15 (PK-15) cells. Real-time quantitative PCR and a one-step growth curve were used to determine viral load to assess the replication of rescued viruses. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the PCV2b mutation and the wild-type PCV2b virus in vitro, while the mutation ofPCV2d enhanced viral replication.

Background: Evidence suggests a complex interplay between infections and allergic diseases. We aim to explore the association of fourteen common viruses with eczema, asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in childhood. Methods We used cross-sectional (n=686) and prospective (n=440) data from children participating in the Rhea cohort. IgG to polyomaviruses (BKPyV, JCPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, MCPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10) and herpesviruses (EBV, CMV, HSV-1, HSV-2) were measured at age four by fluorescent bead-based multiplex serology. Definitions of eczema, asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis at age four and six were based on questionnaires. Mediation of the associations by immune biomarkers was tested. Results Less likely to have eczema at age four were KIPyV [OR:0.47 (95% CI:0.27, 0.82)] and HPyV6 [OR:0.44 (95% CI:0.26, 0.73)] seropositives compared to their seronegative counterparts. EBV seropositivity was negatively associated with eczema at age four [OR:0.39 (95% CI:0.22, 0.67)] and six [OR:0.50 (95% CI:0.25, 0.99)]. Children with a higher burden of herpesviruses or of skin polyomaviruses had the lowest odds of eczema at age four. Higher odds for asthma at age four were found for WUPyV seropositive children [OR:3.98 (95% CI:1.38, 11.51)], and for children seropositive to both respiratory polyomaviruses (KIPyV and WUPyV) [OR:7.35 (95% CI:1.66, 32.59)] compared to children seronegative to both. No associations were observed for rhinoconjuctivitis. There was no evidence of mediation by immune biomarkers. Conclusions A heterogeneous pattern of infections and allergic diseases was observed with common infections associated to a decreased eczema risk and an increased asthma risk in children.

PRV1 was first detected in deceased pigs from Hong Kong in 2013. It has since been detected in the USA, Chile and most recently in Hungary. Information on the pathogenicity and global spread is sparse, however it has been speculated to play a role in the porcine respiratory disease complex. In an effort to investigate the porcine virome, we screened 53 pig samples from 29 farms using SMg within the Dutch/German border region. In five farms we detected PRV1. qPCR confirmed the presence of the virus in 2 of these farms and found an additional 6 positive farms. Phylogenetic analysis found the closest match to the first detected PRV1 strain in Hong Kong. The Dutch/German region represents a major area of pig farming within Europe and could provide important information on the characterization and circulation of porcine viruses, such as PRV1. Together with the recent detection of PRV1 in Hungary, these findings suggest widespread of PRV1 in Central Europe, highlighting the need for further research on persistence, pathogenicity and transmission in Europe.

Advanced and accurate forecasting of COVID-19 cases plays a crucial role in planning and supplying resources effectively. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have proved its capability in time series forecasting of the non-linear problems. In the present study, the relationship between weather factor and COVID-19 cases was assessed and also developed a forecasting model using long short term memory (LSTM), a deep learning model. The study found that the specific humidity has a strong positive correlation, whereas there is a negative correlation with maximum temperature and positive correlation with minimum temperature was observed in various geographic locations of India. The weather data and COVID-19 confirmed cases data (1st April-30th June 2020) was used to optimize univariate and multivariate LSTM time series forecast models. The optimized models were utilized to forecast the COVID-19 cases for the period 1st July 2020 to 31st July 2020 with 1 to 14 days of lead time. The results showed that the univariate LSTM model was reasonably good for the short term (1day lead) forecast of COVID-19 cases (relative error < 20%). Moreover, the multivariate LSTM model improved the medium-range forecast skill (1-7days) after including the weather factors. The study observed that the specific humidity played a crucial role in improving the forecast skill majorly in the West and northwest region of India. Similarly, the temperature played a significant role in model enhancement in the Southern and Eastern regions of India.

The Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) which contains a circular single stranded DNA (approximately 2 kb) belongs to the genus Circovirus and the family Circoviridae. PiCV infections in pigeons (Columba livia) have been reported worldwide. Nowadays, pigeon racing is becoming increasingly popular and considered to be a national sport in China, and even, the greatest competitions of racing pigeons are stake place in China. However, there is no epidemiologic data on PiCV infections among racing pigeons in China. To trace the prevalence, genetic variation and evolution of PiCV in sick and healthy racing pigeons, 622 samples were collected from 11 provinces or municipalities of China from 2016 to 2019. Samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the positive rate of PiCV was 19.3% (120/622) at the sample level; 59.0% (23/39) at the club level, suggesting that the virus was prevalent in Chinese racing pigeons. A sequence analysis revealed that the cap genes of the PiCV strains identified in our study display high genetic diversity and shared nucleotide homologies of 71.9%–100% and amino acid homologies of 71.7%–100%. 28 and 37 unique amino acid substitutions were observed among the cap proteins and rep proteins of our PiCV strains, respectively. Furthermore, two initiation codons (GTG and ATT) of cap gene were newly found. A cap-gene-based phylogenetic analysis showed that the strains in this study could be further divided into six groups (A, B, C, E, G, H and I) and some of our strains are closely related to worldwide strains from different types of pigeons. A large number of recombination events (31 events) were also detected in the PiCV genomes from Chinese racing pigeons. These findings suggest that PiCV strains circulating in China exhibits higher genetic diversity.

Canine morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most important infectious diseases threat to the health and conservation of free ranging and captive wild carnivores. CDV vaccination using recombinant vaccines has been recommended for maned wolf (Chrisosyon brachyurus) after the failure of modified live vaccines that induced disease in vaccinated animals. However, there has been a lack of systematic evaluation about the response of this preventive protocol in zoo carnivores due to ethical reasons that do not approve vaccination trials with challenge in that species. Here we report a CDV outbreak in a captive population of maned wolf with an index case that was previously vaccinated with a recombinant vaccine. Five juveniles and one adult from a group of seven maned wolves housed in an outdoor exhibit died in April-May 2013 in a zoo in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. Clinical signs ranged from lethargy to digestive and respiratory signs. Diagnosis of CDV was confirmed by histopathology, antibody assays and viral molecular detection and characterization. The phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequence of H gene of the CDV genome identified in the two positive samples suggest a close relation with the lineage Europe 1, commonly found South America and Chile. CDV infections in maned wolf have not been previously characterized. To the authors best knowledge is the first report of the clinical presentation of CDV in a canine species previously inmmunized with a recombinant vaccine. Further research will be necessary to understand the impact of CDV in wild maned wolf populations and new protocols (with boosters) that could improve the effectiveness of the recombinant vaccine against CDV in wild carnivores.

The Goose/Guangdong lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have spilled over to wild birds and caused transboundary epizootics. In 2016, the H5N6 subtype of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses was introduced to Korea and Japan by wild waterfowls. However, the detailed geographic location of the origin of this outbreak was not fully defined yet. In this study, the geographical origin of this outbreak was estimated using phylogeographic analysis. The results indicate that the H5N6 viruses of wild birds originated from a virus in Guangdong province, China. In addition, Guangdong province was an epicenter for H5N6 viruses, and multiple spillovers of viruses from poultry into wild birds have been detected. Thus, to predict and prepare for the next HPAI outbreak in Korea and Japan, viruses in Guangdong province should be carefully monitored and investigated.

IImmunodeficiency and hyperinflammation characterize COVID-19 associated states; thus, repurposing of multiple cytokine and/or anti-cytokine drugs currently being used in other therapeutic areas has been suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy in COVID-19 patients. Clinical trials involving these drugs target the most frequent and life-threatening peripheral consequences of the disease, mainly focusing on lung, heart, and coagulation functions; however, a growing number of reports describe a wide range of COVID-associated neurological manifestations (altogether defined as neuro-COVID) including anosmia, seizures, confusion, stroke, encephalopathy, and paralysis. Notably, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms for neuro-COVID may also include dysregulation of cytokines/chemokines, deficiencies in the innate immune response, and autoimmunity. This suggests that therapeutic attempts with drugs targeting cytokine-mediated inflammation in peripheral organs could also positively affect neuro-COVID manifestations. As a matter of fact, some of these drugs have also been scrutinized for their potential efficacy in treating neuroinflammatory diseases such as optic neuromyelitis, epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury, among others. On the other hand, anti-cytokine drugs, by impairing relevant physiological activities exerted by these mediators in the CNS, may also be endowed with significant neurological risk. Therefore, the primary aim of the present manuscript is to review the available preclinical and clinical data regarding the neurological effects of the drugs targeting cytokine-mediated inflammation, in order to raise awareness about their potentially beneficial or detrimental neurological consequences when used to treat COVID-19 patients.

In the present study, the highly pathogenic bovine Deltapapillomavirus (δPV) was investigated by liquid biopsy in blood samples of 168 clinically normal goats using both droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Overall, ddPCR detected BPV E5 DNA in ~61.3% of the blood samples examined, while real time qPCR revealed the virus in ~10.7% of the same samples. Moreover, ddPCR showed BPV E5 DNA in ~78.8% of blood samples from goats that were in close contact with cattle and in 20% of blood samples from goats living in closed pens without any contact with cattle. In addition, ddPCR revealed a single BPV genotype in ~59.2% and multiple genotypes in ~40.8% of goats harboring BPV DNA, while real time qPCR detected single genotypes in ~17% and multiple genotypes in ~1%. Of the BPV co-infections detected by ddPCR, 28 (~67%) involved two genotypes, eight (~19%) three genotypes, and six (~14%) four genotypes. In contrast, real time qPCR revealed BPV co-infection by two genotypes in only one sample and failed to detect co-infection by three or four genotypes. BPV2 and BPV13 were the most prevalent viruses responsible for single and multiple co-infections, respectively. The present study showed that the ddPCR technique has much higher sensitivity and specificity in the detection of these viruses, and suggested that animal husbandry practices contribute to cross-species transmission of BPVs.

Pigeon aviadenovirus A and Pigeon circovirus are both viruses that can cause disease in pigeons. This study reports the identification of a natural co-infection of Pigeon aviadenovirus A and Pigeon circovirus in a breeding pigeon flock in central Anatolia, Turkey. Both viruses were isolated from pooled internal organs of pigeons using primary chicken embryo kidney cell cultures (CEKC) and specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs. Both viruses were identified by PCR amplification followed by Sanger sequencing, while histopathological examination showed degenerated hepatocytes with basophilic intranuclear viral inclusions. The viruses have similar transmission characteristics and common clinical manifestations, but it is possible that coinfection may exacerabate disease. This is the first report of its kind in Turkey and is important for the protection against disease in pigeons.

Astroviruses (AstVs) are major causative agents of gastroenteritis in children and had been detected worldwide. Recently, the novel neurotropic AstV associated with encephalitis and meningitis has been found in different species including human, bovine and ovine. However, little is known about the prevalence of neurotropic AstVs in water buffalo of China. In this study, we examined fecal samples from water buffalo in the Guangxi province of China and found different lineages of Water Buffalo Astrovirus (BufAstV) infections. In addition, we confirmed that the BufAstV infection of the brain tissues of a dead calf by immunohistochemistry technology in this study. Based on the 3’RACE and next-generation sequencing technologies, 2 full-length genomes (BufAstV-NNA-14 and BufAstV-NNA-12) and 2 ORF2 genes (BufAstV-NND-s2 and BufAstV-NNA-17) of AstVs from this source were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the ORF2 indicated 3 major lineages of BufAstVs including a novel neurotropic BufAstV, a BufAstV which is related to Bovine Astrovirus (BoAstV) and a classical BufAstV. Moreover, the occurrence of genomic recombination between BufAstV and BoAstV strains have been identified. This is the first report to found a BufAstV infected in brain of water buffalo in China and details of the epidemiology, genetic diversity and possible interspecies transmission of BoAstV and BufAstV in water buffalo from the Guangxi province of China are described. KEYWORDS: astrovirus, water buffalo, bovine, neurotropic, genetic diversity, Guangxi province

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 binds to for cell entry. ACE2 is also an important player in the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). ACE2 and RAS appears to be central in coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pathophysiology. Covid-19 might be regarded as a virus-induced “RAS disorder”. Drugs acting upon RAS components may offer potential therapeutic value in Covid-19. The authors advocate diminazene aceturate (DIZE), a putative ACE2 activator, as a feasible treatment option unduly disregarded a priori, likely due to lack of licensing for human use. However, DIZE has been extensively employed in African trypanosomiasis patients with little toxicity reported. With the current pandemic causing health issues on a large scale worldwide, the properties of DIZE remain to be investigated in Covid-19. A drug that is available, inexpensive and with a long track record of safe usage should be considered, particularly while effective alternatives remain scarce.

Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a newly identified swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in neonatal piglets, leading to significant economic losses to the swine industry. Currently there are no suitable serological method to assess the infection of SADV-CoV and effectiveness of vaccines, making an urgent need to exploit effect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to compensate for this deficiency. In this study, an indirect ELISA (S-iELISA) based on recombinant spike (S) protein expressed in Baculovirus was developed and evaluated. The reaction conditions of S-iELISA were optimized and cut-off value determined as 0.3711 by analyzing OD450nm values of 40 SADS-CoV-negative sera confirmed by immunoinfluscent assay (IFA) and Western Blot. The coefficients of variation of 6 positive sera within and between runs of S-iELISA were both less than 10% and cross-reactivity assays demonstrated that S-iELISA was non-cross-reactive with other swine viruses’ sera. Furthermore, the overall coincidence rate between IFA and S-iELISA was 97.3% based on testing 111 clinical serum samples. Virus neutralization test with 7 different OD450nm value sera showed that the OD450nm values tested by S-iELISA are positive correlated with virus neutralization. Finally, a total of 300 pig field serum samples were tested by S-iELISA and commercial kits of other swine enteroviruses showed that the IgG-positive for SADS-CoV, TGEV, PDCoV and PEDV were 81.7%, 54%, 65.3%, 6%, respectively. The results suggest this S-iELISA is specific, sensitive, repeatable and can be applied for vaccines evaluation and detection the SADS-CoV infection in swine industry.

Since the first report from Cherry Valley ducks on a commercial duck farm in China (2008), duck astrovirus type 1(DAstV-1) -associated duck viral hepatitis (DVH) have been detected in several commercial duck flocks. In the literature, no outbreak of DAstV-1 have been report in China since 2012. Here, the isolation, cultivation and characterization of DAstV-1 isolate are described. One DAstV-1 strain, designated as DAstV-SDZZ, was isolated from a diseased duckling. The isolated astrovirus grew well in the LMH cell line. To determine the entire genomic of the DAstV-SDZZ isolate, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique was conducted on Illumina HiSeq platform. Complete genome sequence analysis revealed that DAstV-SDZZ isolate was 91.6%-98.7% homology with others DAstV-1 deposited in Genbank. Similar clinical symptoms were successful reproduced by experimental infection study using the DAstV-SDZZ isolate. DAstV-SDZZ is the first DAstV-1 strain whose experimental infection study has been conducted. The present works are likely to provide new insights into the pathogenicity and evolution of DAstV-1 in ducks.

Seneca Valley virus (SVV) strain (SVA/GD/China/2018) was first isolated from a buffalo farm in Guangdong, China, using seven mammalian cell lines. A genetic analysis revealed that SVA/GD/China/2018 had a high nucleotide similarity with the porcine-origin SVV strains, revealing potential cross-species transmission of SVV from pigs to buffaloes.

Abstract Objectives: Earlier researches suggested patients should be routinely screened for bacteria and fungi infection after COVID-19 being confirmed. Here, we enrolled 236 patients with COVID-19 to analyze the clinical characteristics, fungal strains, mortality, and laboratory data of different groups. Design: Single center retrospective study Patients: A total of 236 COVID-19 patients from Huoshenshan Hospital were included in this study, consisting of 14(6%) died cases, 222(94%) discharged cases . Results: The result revealed that 5 mortality in positive group were all related to aspergillus infection while candida infection rarely caused death. Aspergillus was most common in non-survivors while candida was most common in survivors. In terms of interleukin-6 (IL6), viral loads, nucleic acid clearance time, etc, fungal serologically positive group had a higher level than negative group. Conclusions: Non-survivors of Covid-19 with fungal infection were almost associated with aspergillus infection. Aspergillus infection, instead of candida infection might be fatal for critical ill patients with COVID-19. There is great significance to carry out routine screening for fungal infection especially for critical patients to enable early treatment to be implemented. Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); fungal infection; aspergillus; mortality

The diarrhoea of pigs, in particular, for the newborns, is very harmful to the pig industry. Porcine circovirus-like virus (Po-Circo-like (PCL) virus) is a circular replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA virus. Two PCL virus strains, with severe diarrhoea and hemorrhagic enteritis, have been found in two different pig farms in Guangdong province, China. Subsequently, the full genomes of two strains (PCL virus GD06 and PCL virus GD09) were sequenced. The two PCL viruses contains 3942 nucleotides and 3925 nucleotides, which vary from the genomes of other PCL virus strains with 3912, 3923, and 3942 nucleotides. Besides, the nucleotide identities between two strains and other strains of PCL viruses and Bo-Circo-like virus/CH were 78%-89%. A multiple sequence alignment of these strains showed a similarity of 86.2%-94.4% for the Rep gene sequence and 89.4%-97.7% for the Rep protein sequence. This study found that 9.5% (4/42) of diarrhoea samples and 11.8% (2/17) of pig farms were positive for PCL virus, suggesting that PCL virus may already be widespread in Pig farms in China. Further research on the pathogenicity and epidemiology of PCL virus is required.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes Aujeszky’s disease or pseudorabies (PR), which is characterized by fatal encephalitis in newborn piglets, respiratory infection in growing and fattening pigs, and reproductive failures in pregnant sows. It establishes a lifelong latent infection in the peripheral nervous system followed by subsequent intermittent shedding of infectious virus. Since 2011, highly virulent PRV strains that are genetically different from the classic PRV strains surfaced in pig herds in China. Availability of a highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay for rapid differential detection of PRV variants is critical to prevent huge economic losses to the U.S. and Canadian pork industries if these strains enter North America and cause an outbreak. Here we describe the development and evaluation of a single-tube triplex real-time-PCR assay for differential detection of variant strains of PRV. The assay targets the intergenic region between the US2 and US6 genes in the PRV genome, is highly sensitive and specific, and it did not detect other non-target viruses, including related herpesviruses. The clinical specificity and sensitivity of the assay was evaluated using whole blood, serum, tissue and swab samples collected from known negative and experimentally inoculated pigs with either classical (Bristol) or variant (JS-2012 and HeN1) PRV strains. The targeted genomic region of this assay is also deleted in commonly used PRV gE-deleted marker vaccines, and therefore, the triplex assay did not detect viral DNA extracted from two commercial vaccine strains Bartha K-61 and Bucharest. This single-tube triplex assay can be used for routine diagnostics and epidemiological studies for detection and differentiation of classical strains from variant strains of PRV, and as a differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) assay when PRV gE- deletion mutant marker vaccines are used.

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is a newly emerging Lagovirus belonging to the family Caliciviridae. After its first discovery in 2010 in France, this highly pathogenic virus rapidly spread to neighboring countries and has become the dominant strain, replacing the classical RHDV1 strains. RHDV2 was first reported in North America in 2016 in Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada and it was reported again in 2018 and 2019 on Vancouver, Island and the southeast mainland of British Columbia (BC). The whole genome sequence of the RHDV2 Quebec isolate resembled the RHDV-N11 isolate from Navarra, Spain identified in 2011 with 97% identity. The epidemiological investigation involved three hobby farms and one personal residence. In December and February 2018, high mortality was reported in first a private feral rabbit refuge and then, a large colony of feral rabbits on the Vancouver Island University Campus, Nanaimo, BC. The virus responsible showed only 93% identity to the Quebec RHDV2 isolate at the nucleotide level. Additional cases of RHDV2 on Vancouver Island and on the BC mainland affecting feral, captive domestic and commercial rabbits were reported subsequently. Vaccination was recommended to control the outbreak and an inactivated bivalent vaccine was made available to the private veterinary practices. In June 2019 an isolated RHDV2 outbreak was reported in an apartment building in Vancouver, BC. This virus showed only 97% identity to the RHDV2 isolate responsible for the BC outbreak in 2018 at the nucleotide level suggesting that it was an independent incursion. In October 2020, there are reports of partial recovery of the feral population in Nanaimo and to date there are no confirmed deaths of native rabbit species in BC.