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When are randomized trials unnecessary? A signal detection theory approach to approving new treatments based on non-randomized studies
  • Benjamin Djulbegovic,
  • Marianne Razavi,
  • Iztok Hozo
Benjamin Djulbegovic
City of Hope National Medical Center

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Marianne Razavi
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Iztok Hozo
Indiana University Northwest
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Abstract

Rationale, aims and objectives New therapies are increasingly approved by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) based on testing in non-randomized clinical trials. These treatments have typically displayed “dramatic effects” (i.e., effects that are considered large enough to obviate the combined effects of bias and random error). The agencies, however, have not identified how large these effects should be to avoid the need for further testing in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We investigated the effect size that would circumvent the need for further RCTs testing by the regulatory agencies. We hypothesized that the approval of therapeutic interventions by regulators is based on heuristic decision-making whose accuracy can be best characterized by the application of signal detection theory (SDT). Methods We merged the EMA and FDA database of approvals based on non-RCT comparisons. We excluded duplicate entries between the two databases. We included a total of 134 approvals of drugs and devices based on non-RCTs. We integrated Weber-Fechner law of psychophysics and recognition heuristics within SDT to provide descriptive explanations of the decisions made by the FDA and EMA to approve new treatments based on non-randomized studies without requiring further testing in RCTs. Results Our findings suggest that when the difference between novel treatments and the historical control is at least one logarithm (base 10) of magnitude, the veracity of testing in non-RCTs seems to be established. Conclusion Drug developers and practitioners alike can use the change in one logarithm of effect size as a benchmark to decide if further testing in RCTs should be pursued, or as a guide to interpreting the results reported in non-randomized studies. However, further research would be useful to better characterize the threshold of effect size above which testing in RCTs is not needed.
15 Jun 2020Submitted to Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
17 Jun 2020Submission Checks Completed
17 Jun 2020Assigned to Editor
18 Jun 2020Reviewer(s) Assigned
29 Aug 2020Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
29 Aug 2020Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
01 Sep 20201st Revision Received
01 Sep 2020Submission Checks Completed
01 Sep 2020Assigned to Editor
01 Sep 2020Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
01 Sep 2020Editorial Decision: Accept
26 Oct 2020Published in Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 10.1111/jep.13497