Environmental factors driving tree richness at multiple spatial scales
in temperate forests, Northeast China
Abstract
Aim: Uncertainty remains in revealing the determinants of plant
diversity over regional and larger scales. Both plant diversity and the
effects of environmental factors on it are scale dependent. This study
aims to integrate and analyse the variations in the ecological
mechanisms by which environmental factors drive plant diversity.
Location: Montane forests, Northeast China Taxon: Tree
Methods: In this study, we used field survey data from 3,078
sample plots in temperate forest ecosystems. First, we partitioned the
species–area curve into different area scales with segmented models to
explain changes in the dominant factors affecting tree richness. Then,
we quantified the contribution of environmental factors to tree richness
with gradient boosted model (GBM) and fitted their correlations at
different spatial scales. Finally, we partitioned the contribution of
climate, topography and both to tree richness with redundancy analysis
(RDA) and analysed how the driving mechanisms varied with spatial scale.
Results: Two area scales (small scale A 1 and
large scale A 2) were segmented in regional temperate
forests. The correlations between environmental contributions and
spatial scale at the A 2 scale were better than those at
the A 1 scale. The effects of environmental factors
driving tree richness varied spatially nonlinearly. Tree richness at the
A 1 scale was determined by both climate and topography
and climate alone, while it was determined by climate alone at the A
2 scale. Main conclusion: Spatial heterogeneity
affected the effects of environmental factors on tree diversity,
especially at the A 1 scale. Environmental factors
exerted a dominant control at different spatial scales. Environmental
filtering determined tree diversity at the A 1 scale,
and dispersal limitation determined tree diversity at the A
2 scale for temperate forests. The spatial heterogeneity
and collinearity of climate and topography prevented us from drawing
consistent conclusions.