Biomonitoring is an approach that uses indicators or sentinel species to assess the health or pollution of an environment, combining diversity based on specific taxonomic groups with the taxa’s indicator of pollution into a single index or score. Benthic macroinvertebrates are among the most preferred and valuable indicators of the biotic index. Our study aims to evaluate water quality and ecological status using biotic and diversity indices based on benthic macroinvertebrates. The macroinvertebrate samples used in this study were collected seasonally from 16 stations determined in Karasu Stream. These samples consist of 14747 specimens belonging to 9 orders and 40 families of Insecta, Malacostraca, Hirudinea and Oligochaeta. In addition, some physicochemical parameters were measured at the stations. The data obtained were analyzed using the Turkey-Biological Monitoring Working Group (TR-BMWP), Average Score per Taxon (ASPT), Family Biotic Index (FBI), Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxon richness index, and Shannon-Wiener (SWDI), Simpson (SDI) and Hill’s diversity indices. Our results showed that the last six stations of Karasu Stream were under pressure due to various anthropogenic effects. According to biotic indexes, the ecological quality status of the water in the stations was determined to be High or Good in the first ten stations and Average, Poor, or Bad in the last six stations. The results of our study showed that TR-BMWP, FBI, and EPT indices are more reliable in determining water quality than the ASPT index and reflect the environmental situation better. Since the TR-BMWP index is adapted to macroinvertebrate taxa distributed in Türkiye, it can be used as a suitable tool for evaluating other rivers’ water quality in Türkiye.

Reservoir is a vital tool for human utilization of water resources, and the deterioration of its water quality can seriously threaten the water cycle and sustainable urban development. However, there are relatively few studies in academia that analyze and evaluate the water quality of multiple reservoirs at the same time. To address this knowledge deficit, we collected 108 water samples from three different reservoirs in Chuzhou City for 36 months (from 2019 to 2021), explored the drivers of changes in water quality parameters over time and the extent of eutrophication. Our results indicated that the water quality of the reservoirs was deteriorating during the study period, among which Huanglishu Reservoir and Shahe Reservoir reached mild eutrophic status, and both had higher eutrophication levels than Chengxi Reservoir. Secchi Depth (SD), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP) were the principal factors inducing eutrophication. The biased utilization of reservoir functions was the major contributor to the discrepancy in the degree of eutrophication. Furthermore, Pearson Correlation Analysis revealed that there are significant correlations between many water quality parameters. Cluster Analysis (CA) grouped the 12 months of each year into three clusters (stable water level period, rainy season high flow period, and winter low flow period). Based on this, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that most water quality parameters varied considerably between the clusters. Collectively, this study identified the actual water quality conditions of three reservoirs in Chuzhou City and provided guidance for local water quality management and environmental protection.

DNA barcoding is a technique in which species identification is performed by generating DNA barcodes from a small fragment of the mitochondrial genome. Here, molecular methods were used for assessment of 226 barcodes belonging to 83 fish species from 83 genera, 39 families and 21 orders of fishes with the average divergence within a species is 0.10%, 13.57% within a genus, and 17.33% within a family with 97–100% identity with comparison to the Genbank database and BOLD of the Chilika lagoon India, using, Barcode gap analysis, barcode index number and automatic barcode gap discovery, these methods had their potential to discriminate 97.53%, 93.90% and 95.06%, of species respectively. This is the first effort to generate the DNA barcode reference library of freshwater fishes from Chilika lagoon of India, one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. These findings will contribute to the barcode database of global marine fish species identification, provide baseline data for fishes in Chilika Lagoon waters based on the CO1 region, and serve educational purposes in universities, research institutes, fishery managers, and fish stock assessment. The Barcode Index Number (BIN) discordance report showed that 226 specimens represented 83 BINs, of which 73.49%were taxonomically concordant and 26.50% were singletons and no discordant BIN found in our dataset.

A document by Hannah A. Varani. Click on the document to view its contents.

Southern African savanna rangelands are facing a widespread degradation pattern called bush encroachment. This is associated with implications for various aspects of the water cycle and in particular canopy transpiration. At the individual-tree scale, it is estimated by scaling sap-flux density by sapwood area. However, the direct measurement of sapwood area is impracticable at landscape scale and general allometric equations of the West-Brown-Enquist (WBE) model relating sapwood area to primary size measures seem to fail for some species and climates. Therefore, we conducted intensive field measurements to establish species-specific allometric relationships between sapwood area and sizes (stem diameter, crown area) in six dominant shrub species involved in bush encroachment in Namibia ( Colophospermum mopane, Senegalia mellifera, Vachellia reficiens, Dichrostachys cinerea, Vachellia nebrownii, Catophractes alexandri). We found strong allometric relationships between sapwood area and stem diameter as well as between sapwood area and crown area for all six species. These relations are largely in line with the WBE theory but still provide estimates that are more accurate. Only in D. cinerea, the sapwood area was significantly smaller than predicted by the WBE theory, which might be caused by a larger need for stabilizing heartwood. Our results are useful to estimate water loss via transpiration at a large scale using remote sensing techniques and can promote our understanding of the ecohydrological conditions that drive species specific bush encroachment in savannas. This is particularly important in the light of climate change, which is considered to have major implications on ecohydrological processes in savannas.

This study provides a new perspective on understanding the intricacies of water-mediated connectivity in ecosystems, bridging landscape ecology and geomorphology through network science. We highlight dryland and river floodplain ecosystems as distinct examples of contrasting water-controlled systems. We (1) discuss central considerations in developing Structural Connectivity (SC) and Functional Connectivity (FC) networks of water-mediated connectivity; (2) quantify the emergent patterns in these networks; and (3) evaluate the capacity of network science tools for investigating connectivity characteristics. Connectivity is quantified using seven parameters at both network and node levels. We find that Link Density, Betweenness Centrality, and Page Rank Centrality are highly sensitive to directionality; Global Efficiency and Degree Centrality are particularly sensitive to weights; while Relative Node Efficiency remains unaffected by weights and directions. Our study underscores the potential to transform how we quantify and understand water-mediated connectivity, especially in consideration of the role(s) of weights and directionality. This interdisciplinary review has implications for both theoretical insights and practical applications in environmental management and conservation efforts.

1. The flow regime of a river is well established as being one of the key drivers of riverine ecosystem type, diversity and condition. This is especially true of seasonal rivers that experience a cease to flow period over the dry months of the year. 2. In order to effectively assess changes to the flow regime, it is required that flow data be quantified into metrics for ease of assessment and to effectively relate changes to environmental outcomes. 3. Previous methods have used large numbers of, often complex, flow metrics to assess the flow regime. These metrics are often highly internally correlated with each other which may pose problems when considering how these metrics are assessed. The metrics are also often complicated which introduces issues for communication of results. We suggest that due to high internal correlation between metrics, significantly fewer metrics are required to describe the flow regime, and owing to the high correlation within same season flow metrics, simple metrics can be selected. 4. We report on a series of six flow metrics that cover the whole of the flow regime, that are reported annually and that are simple to assess and interpret. We then apply those six metrics to establish environmental water requirements for the North Para River in the Barossa Valley of South Australia. 5. Environmental water requirements are defined using upper and lower bounds of a moving average for each metric, rather than a defined threshold. We suggest this better reflects the highly variable nature of seasonal rivers, and the subsequent tolerances of the flora and fauna that inhabit them.

The spatiotemporal variability of groundwater level (GWL) is an important property of peatland hydrology that directly affects fluctuations of water storage. Nonetheless, current understanding of the variations of GWL in different time scales still remains unclear. In this study, two peatland watersheds (0.151 km 2 for W1 and 0.844 km 2 for W2) in the Zoige Basin in the Source Region of the Yellow River (SRYR) were selected for monitoring the temporal variability of GWL using self-recorded water loggers during 2017-2021. The main results demonstrate that: (1) GWL variations tended to be controlled by gully drainage in sites adjacent to the gully and be more synchronized with rainfall in sites distant from the gully. The GWL near the gully that cuts through the peat layer was lower than that near the gully without cutting through the peat layer, with a maximum difference between the former and the latter of 58.3 cm, indicating the effect of longitudinal attenuation of the GWL in W1. (2) Because rainfall had a lag effect on the GWL, the length of lag gradually decreased with increased rainfall intensity (i.e., the lag time of sites far away from the gully was about 18 min shorter than that of sites close to the gully in W1). (3) The peak values of the GWL occurred simultaneously with the maximum and minimum rainfall in W2, and the peak occurrence time was related to the ratio of precipitation to evaporation. In the downstream sites, GWL fluctuated more intensively than the upstream ones in W2. Moreover, the average GWL of the upstream sites was 14.3 cm higher than that of the middle ones, indicating a decreasing trend of water storage along the gully. (4) The GWL discrepancy between wet and dry seasons was explicit, but the difference was smaller in the upstream sites due to limited gully incision and higher water storage within the peat layer. Additionally, rainy days dominate the GWL change in wet and dry seasons, but the different rainfall intensity resulted in a stable GWL in the dry season and an oscillating GWL in the wet season in W2. This study uncovers the spatio-temporal variation of groundwater level in two peatland watersheds, which is of great significance for understanding runoff variation, ecohydrological processes, and wetland shrinkage in the SRYR.

A document by Fabian Bernhard. Click on the document to view its contents.

The alpine grassland shrubbization of the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on the background of global change and overgrazing, is a prominent and serious problem. However, the water competition ability of shrubs and alpine grasslands is rarely reported. Here, we tracked the δ 18O and δ 2H of soil water, plant water, precipitation, and groundwater, analysed sources of water use in shrub and grassland by Mix SIAR model. Our results showed that both δ 18O and δ 2H in soil, precipitation, and plant varied significantly over time, groundwater remained relatively stable in P. fruticosa shrub and alpine grassland sites during observation. Considering groundwater, precipitation, soil water, and plant water, a progressive enrichment in δ 18O or δ 2H existed from groundwater and precipitation to soil water to plant water for each month. Alpine grassland was more susceptible to drought stress, had a stronger partitioning effect in dynamic transport than shrub. The P. fruticosa shrub displayed more flexible water utilisations, and was more competitive for water than grasslands. Furthermore, the plants in alpine shrub and grassland reached water use balance in August. Shrubs degraded from alpine grassland changed water use pattern of grassland, thereby changing soil water storage. These results contribute to in-depth understanding the alpine grassland shrubbization from water use patterns of grassland and shrub plants on the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Little is known about the short‐term dynamics of tree water use strategies particularly for neighbouring co-occurring species. Here, we quantify the high frequency changes in water sources and sap flux patterns of two commonly co-occurring tropical rainforest tree species: Dendrocnide photinophylla (Kunth; Chew) and Argyrodendron peralatum (F.M. Bailey; Edlin ex J.H. Boas). A combination of continuous sap flux measurements and hourly sampling of xylem water stable isotope composition (δDand δ 18O) were used to observe water use strategies through a 24 h transpiration cycle. Sap flux ranged from 2.82-28.50 L d -1 and was 66.67% higher in A. peralatum compare to D. photinophylla. For both tree species, sap flux increased with tree size and diurnal sap flux increase resulted in more isotopically enriched xylem water. A Bayesian Mixing Model analysis using sampled soil water isotopic composition from five soil depths from of 0 to 1 m showed that D. photinophyllaused very shallow or surface layer (0-20 cm) water, while A. peralatum sourced its water mostly from deeper in the soil profile (>20 cm). We hypothesize that these differences in species’ water consumption patterns are reated to plant water storage capacity and, wood anatomical features. Our study shows that combning xylem isotope composition and sap flux measurements can help reveal species level water use strategies—useful for improved process understanding for ecohydrological modeling.

This article used three diversion power stations with different operating years along Dicun stream of the source of Jiulong River to study the riparian plant community and discussed the impact of power station development on riparian plants. The results showed that:(1)There were significant differences in the plant diversity of herbs, shrubs and trees among all sample plots in the study area (P < 0.05).(2) The species number of the second and third diversion power stations with longer operation time was larger than that of the fourth diversion power station with short operation time.(3) The water-borne plants were concentrated in the herb layer in the influence area of the diversion power station, and the Richness, Shannon- Wiener, Simpson and Pielou indexes of water-borne plants in the study area were significantly different (P < 0.05). (4) The appearance of diversion power station leaded to the change of environmental factors, and the river depth and flow rate had significant positive correlation with the diversity index of riparian plants and water water-borne plants (P < 0.05). In general, with the increase of the operation time of the power station, the surrounding riparian plant will form a new stable community.