In recent years, there has been a shift towards using nonfullerene electron acceptors in organic solar cells (OSCs) as a replacement for fullerene derivatives. This change requires polymer donors that possess compatible physical properties, such as absorption range, HOMO energy level, miscibility, and crystallinity. Moreover, the high cost and poor batch-to-batch reproducibility of polymer donors also hinder future large-scale manufacturing. These emphasize the need to explore alternative types of polymer donors. The imide-functionalized building units possess several key attributes that make their polymers highly promising for non-fullerene OSCs. These attributes include ease of synthesis, strong electron-withdrawing ability, rigid and co-planar structure, and the ability to easily tune solubility through imide side chains. In this review, we summarized the synthetic routes of imide building units, and the struc-tural evolution of imide-functionalized polymer donors by focusing on the effects of polymer structure on their physical, optoelec-tronic, and photovoltaic properties. We hope that this mini-review will serve as a catalyst for future research on imide-functionalized polymers toward high-performance, cost-effective, and durable organic solar cells (OSCs).

The conversion of CF3-alkenes to gem-difluoroalkenes using reductive cross-coupling strategy has received much attention in recent years, however, the use of green and readily available reducing salt to mediate these reactions remains to be explored. In this work a concise construction of gem-difluoroalkenes, which requires neither a catalyst nor a metal reducing agent, was established. Rongalite, a safe and inexpensive industrial product, was employed as both a radical initiator and reductant. This procedure was compatible with both linear and cyclic diaryliodonium salts, enabling a wide variety of substrates (>70 examples). The utility of this approach was demonstrated through gram-scale synthesis and efficient late-stage functionalizations of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Dynamic fluorescent materials used in data encryption suffer from photodegradation, poor latency, and susceptibility to unauthorized access. Herein, we propose a photochemically modulated dynamic fluorescent encryption system based on 1O2 sensitization of fluorescent composites, comprising a 1O2-sensitive fluorophore (F2) and non-emissive polymers. After UV irradiation, in-situ generation of 1O2 from the polymer effectively binds with F2 to form endoperoxides (F2EPO), resulting in a significant redshift in emission, up to 150 nm. The 1O2 concentration is closely related to the irradiation time, enabling time-gated encryption with diverse fluorescent colors. Moreover, polymer properties can be manipulated to further regulate F2EPO emission. Relying on these merits, we develop a dynamic data encryption method with various non-emissive polymers as the data storage media, UV light irradiation as the data encoder, and F2 as the data decoder. UV light irradiation of diverse polymer solutions generates 1O2 at different concentrations, effectively encoding the data, which remains invisible under both UV and natural lights. The addition of F2 to these irradiated polymer produces different redshifted fluorescence, enabling secure data decryption. Attributing to the non-emissive polymers, time-gated readout fashion, excellent latency of 1O2, and subtle interactions between 1O2 and F2, this data encryption is nearly undecipherable.

The development of switchable solvent-free multicomponent reactions to build high-value-added products is an important demand for organic synthesis. Herein, we detailed the successful implementation of a switchable strategy for the construction of diverse 4-fluoroalkyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidines and 4-fluoroalkyl-pyrimidines via a solvent/additive-free [3 + 2 + 1] annulation, starting from readily available enamines, trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate or 1-ethoxy-2,2-difluoroethanol and amidines hydrochloride. This reaction conforms to the concept of green synthesis, and provides a new avenue to access valuable fluorinated heterocycles.

Organic difluoroboron complexes is a kind of potential platforms for a wide range of applications owing to their excellent photo-physical properties. Herein, we have explored a simple and direct synthesis methodologies for a library of N,O-Bidentate difluoroboron complexes from quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and ketones in one shot. The photophysical properties of the generated com-plexes were evaluated and the application potential of these compound on subcellular was also explored.

Cathode interlayers (CILs) play an essential role in achieving efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the electronic structure at the electrode/CIL/active layer interfaces and the underlying mechanisms for electron collection remain unclear, which becomes a major obstacle to develop high-performance CILs. Herein, we investigate the relationship of the electron collection abilities of four cross-linked and n-doped CILs (c-NDI:P0, c-NDI:P1, c-NDI:P2, c-NDI:P3) with their electronic structure of space charge region at hetero-junction interface. By accurately calculating the depletion region width according to the barrier height, doping density and permittivi-ty, we put forward that the optimal thickness of CIL should be consistent with the depletion region width to realize the minimum en-ergy loss. As a result, the depletion region width is largely reduced from 13 nm to 0.8 nm at the indium tin oxide (ITO)/c-NDI:P0 in-terface, resulting in a decent PCE of 17.7% for the corresponding inverted OSCs.

Herein we report an asymmetric two-component alkenyl Catellani reaction for the construction of C–N axial chirality through a pal-ladium/chiral norbornene cooperative catalysis and an axial-to-axial chirality transfer process. Various partially aromatic iodinated 2-pyridones, quinolones, coumarin and uracil substrates react with 2,6-disubstituted aryl bromides with a tethered amide group, to afford a wide variety of polycyclic C–N atropisomers (38 examples, up to 97% e.e.). The obtained C–N axial chirality is originated from the preformed transient C–C axial chirality with high fidelity. The synthetic utility of this chemistry is demonstrated by facile preparation of complex quinoline and pyridine based C–N atropisomers through a N-deprotection and aromatization sequence. In addition, a remote axial-to-central diastereoinduction process dictated by C–N axial chirality is observed with excellent diastere-ocontrol.

The asymmetric hydrogenation of N-heteroarenes provides an efficient method for the synthesis of optically active cyclic secondary amines. In this paper, we described an asymmetric hydrogenation of phenanthridines using a chiral mono-alkene-derived borane. A variety of dihydrophenanthridines were furnished in high yields with up to 93% ee. The current catalytic system was very sensitive for the steric hindrance of phenanthridines. Bulky substituents at one phenyl group of phenanthridines were required to obtain the high enantioselectivity. But large substituents adjacent to the C=N bonds would diminish the reactivity sharply.

The [2.2]paracyclophane-derived oxazole-pyrimidine ligands with planar chirality (PYMCOX) were designed, synthesized and successfully applied in nickel-catalyzed asymmetric 1,2-reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones, affording the chiral allylic alcohols with up to 99% yield and 99% ee. Meanwhile, this reduction reaction could be conducted on gram-scale without loss of activity and enantioselectivity, and the chiral ligand could be conveniently recovered with high yield.

Indole-based atropisomers are a very important class of axially chiral compounds. However, the atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral 2-arylindole remains largely unexplored. In this study, we report the successful synthesis of atropisomeric 2-arylindoles using direct amination of indoles with p-quinonediimines in the presence of chiral phosphoric acid as a catalyst. Quinonediimine acts as an aminating reagent through formal polarity inversion of imine. The malonate group on the 2-aryl of 2-indoles was found to be essential for high enantioselectivity of the products. This could be due to the additional interaction between the ester group and the catalyst, as well as the intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Our findings provide a new strategy for the asymmetric construction of 2-arylindole atropisomers.

A metal-free, green, and sustainable functionalization of unactivated alkyl sp3 C–H bonds is reported using iodine (III) as a feasible dehydrogenation agent under visible light or KBr, and alkyl chlorides, bromides, alcohols, and ketones could be constructed by addi-tion of different coupling reagents. Cheap and safe iodobenzene diacetate was used to form a strong radical to activate the alkyl sp3 C–H bond in a highly efficient manner, which can construct different alkylation products by adding corresponding coupling reagents.

By employing the asymmetric end-group engineering, an asymmetric nonfused-ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) was designed and synthesized. Compared with the symmetric analogs (NoCA-17 and NoCA-18), NoCA-19 possesses broader light absorption range, more coplanar π-conjugated backbone, and appropriate crystallinity according to the experimental and theoretical results. The organic solar cells based on J52:NoCA-19 exhibited a power conversion efficiency as high as 12.26%, which is much higher than those of J52:NoCA-17 (9.50%) and J52:NoCA-18 (11.77%), mainly due to more efficient exciton dissociation, better and balanced charge mobility, suppressed recombination loss, shorter charge extraction time, longer charge carrier lifetimes, and more favorable blend film morphology. These findings demonstrate the great potential of asymmetric end-group engineering in exploring low-cost and high-performance NFREAs.

α-Olefins as aliphatic terminal alkenes could be obtained easily from numerous contemporary synthetic reactions as well as petrochemical industry, and also found in natural products. Compared to the alkenes attaching the directing groups or activating group, the catalytic asymmetric reaction of unactivated terminal alkenes presents great challenges due to the weak electron effect and small steric hindrance effect. This review mainly summerizes the latest progress of the asymmetric reaction of unactivated terminal olefins since 2016.

A straightforward electrochemical hydrogenation of benzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxides with HFIP as the hydrogen donor has been re-ported in an undivided cell under metal-free conditions. Moreover, the tolerance of various functional groups and scaled-up experi-ments showed the practicability and potential applications of this methodology.

Carbon dioxide can be converted into functional heterocycles known as cyclic carbonates, whose recent reactivity has been expanded towards the formation of tailor-made engineering polymers. This minireview gives an overview of the most topical developments in this area with a special focus on the synthetic methods employed to prepare these CO2 based synthons. In addition, their application potential in the area of polymer science using a variety of polymerization techniques is discussed that have in common the ring-opening of the carbonate monomers. Future perspectives are provided that provide impetus for the scientific communities aligning research to the use of sustainable processes for polymers from recyclable carbon sources such as CO2.

Monitoring of sweat pH play important roles in physiological health, nutritional balance, psychological stress, and sports performance. The combination of functional MOFs with phosphorescent material to acquire the real-time physiological information, as well as the ap-plication of dual mode anti-counterfeiting, have seldom been reported. Herein, we reported MOF and phosphorescent dyes based mul-tifunctional gel films with H+ response and the related mechanism was studied in detail. Upon induction of H+, the composite gel film ex-hibited decreased fluorescent signal but enhanced room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), which could be utilized for sweat pH sensing through a dual-mode. Moreover, multifunctional gel films exhibited a potential application in information encryption and an-ti-counterfeiting by designing of stimulus responsive multiple patterns. This research opens a new avenue for portable and non-invasive sweat pH monitoring method, provides opportunities for effective anti-counterfeiting, also offers new insights stimulus-responsive mul-tifunctional materials and their potential applications.

Transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation has been proved to be a powerful approach for the synthesis of chiral alcohols. Herein, A highly efficient and enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of dibenzoheptaheterocyclic ketones catalyzed by an arene-tethered TsDPEN-based Rh(III) catalyst has been successfully developed, and a variety of dibenzoheptaheterocyclic ketones were reduced by a 1/1 mixture of formic acid and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) with high yields and enantioselectivities. With this method, the asymmetric reduction of 7,8-difluorodibenzo[b,e]thiepin-11(6H)-one has been realized, providing the key intermediate of baloxavir marboxil with >99% yield and >99% ee at a substrate/catalyst molar ratio of 1000.

Furans bearing alkynyl substituents are highly useful in organic synthesis. However, the methodologies to access these important furan derivatives are rather limited. We herein report an efficient synthesis of alkynylated furan derivatives based on Pd-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reaction between allenyl ketones and terminal alkynes. This novel synthesis of alkynylated furans with wide substrate scope is operationally simple and tolerates various functional groups. Mechanistically, the formation of the palladium carbene through cycloisomerization and the subsequent alkynyl migratory insertion are proposed as the key steps in the transformation. The reaction reported in this manuscript further demonstrates the generality of the carbene-based cross coupling.