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\begin{document}

\title{Paving the Way to Open Data~~~~}



\author[1]{Yan Wu}%
\author[1]{Elizabeth Moylan}%
\author[1]{Hope Inman}%
\author[1]{Chris Graf}%
\affil[1]{Wiley}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 16, 2024}


\begingroup
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
It~ is easy to argue that open data is critical to enabling faster and
more effective research discovery. In this article we describe the
approach we have taken at Wiley to support open data and FAIR (Findable,
Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data with the implementation of
four data policies: ``Encourages'', ``Expects'', ``Mandates'' and
``Mandates and Peer Reviews Data.'' We describe the rationale for these
policies and levels of adoption so far. In the coming months we plan to
measure and monitor the implementation of these policies via the
publication of data availability statements and data citations. With
this information, we'll be able to celebrate adoption of data-sharing
practices by the research communities we work with and serve, and we
hope to showcase researchers from those communities leading in open
research.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


Address for correspondence: Yan Wu, Senior Manager, OA and~Editorial
Development, John Wiley \& Sons Commercial Service Co Ltd.,~Room
805-808, Floor 8, Sun Palace, No. 12A, Taiyanggong Middle Road,~Chaoyang
District, Beijing, P.R.
China;~\href{mailto:ywu2@wiley.com.Draft}{ywu2@wiley.com}

\par\null

Draft for preprint (submitted to \emph{Data Intelligence}).

\section*{1. Background and Motivation}

{\label{249892}}

``Open research'' and ``open science'' are two interchangeable terms
that encompass a number of practices that are becoming widely adopted
{[}1,2{]}. While definitions of open research and open science come in
many flavors (see Table 1), their core elements include open
accessibility and dissemination of research outputs including more than
traditional journal articles.~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\scriptsize\begin{tabulary}{1.0\textwidth}{CCC}
 &  &  \\
 & Table 1. Definitions of open research and open science &  \\
 & Attribution & Definition \\
 & Foster Open Science & "Open Science is the practice of science in such a way that others can collaborate and contribute, where research data, lab notes and other research processes are freely available, under terms that enable reuse, redistribution and reproduction of the research and its underlying data and methods." [3] \\
 & European Commission & "A broad term, covering the many exciting developments in how science is becoming more open, accessible, efficient, democratic, and transparent. This Open Science revolution is being driven by new, digital tools for scientific collaboration, experiments and analysis and which make scientific knowledge more easily accessible by professionals and the general public, anywhere, at any time." [4] \\
 & Michael Nielsen & "the idea that scientific knowledge of all kinds should be openly shared as early as is practical in the discovery process" [5] \\
 & Center of Open Science & "Openness and reproducibility are core scientific values because science is a distributed, non-hierarchical culture for accumulating knowledge. No individual is the arbiter of truth. Knowledge accumulates by sharing information and independently reproducing results." [6] \\
\end{tabulary}
\caption{{Definitions of open research and open science\textbf{}.
{\label{362504}}%
}}
\end{table}At Wiley, the researcher is our `North Star' as explained by Judy Verses
(Executive Vice President, Wiley) in her keynote talk at the APE2019
conference in Berlin, Germany {[}7{]}. This means that we put
researchers at the heart of our research publishing and educational
services. We listen to the research communities we serve and -- by
tailoring open research initiatives to the needs of researchers in
particular disciplines -- we support their open research aspirations.
Adopting open practices, but phasing their implementation to suit
different communities, is our focus. We organize our work in five key
areas: open access, open practices, open collaboration, open recognition
and reward, and of course, open data {[}8{]}.

\par\null

Open data is an often-used term for sharing data, and is perhaps made
more meaningful by the term FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable,
and Reusable) {[}9{]}. After open access, open data (or better: FAIR
data) is probably one of the most important elements of open research
{[}10{]}. FAIR data has the potential to revolutionize the way research
is done and communicated and we are seeing benefits in research
discoveries as a result {[}11{]}. Open research initiatives, like open
data, bring many benefits including increased transparency as well as,
potentially, enhanced reproducibility and amplified impact {[}12{]}.
Funders and institutions recognize this, and are increasingly requiring
researchers to share data.

\par\null

However, given the scale and variety of data, the complexity of how best
to share data, the need for the adoption of new practices and habits by
research communities, and the need for technology and infrastructure to
support data sharing, it is clear that collaboration across all
stakeholders is key. This is a challenge we all must embrace, if we are
going to make progress.

\par\null

To reflect our commitment to open research and to supporting researchers
in sharing their data, Wiley recently updated its data sharing and
citation policies {[}13{]}. In the rest of this article, we will share
the approach we took and our findings so far.

\par\null

\section*{2. Research Data Sharing Policy at
Wiley}

{\label{788081}}

At Wiley, we are making open research not just the future of research
and research communication, but the here and now. We have four
policy-level requirements for data sharing, adopted across our portfolio
of journals {[}14{]}.

\par\null

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  ``Encourages data sharing'' is our entry-level policy to encourage
  data sharing. It enables journals serving researchers in communities
  where data sharing is not common to start their journey towards data
  sharing. There are no enforced requirements.
\item
  ``Expects data sharing'' is a policy for journals that require from
  every author a data availability statement to confirm presences or
  absence of shared data, and a data citation. It is equivalent to the
  Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) level 1 guidelines {[}15{]}.
\item
  ``Mandates data sharing'' is a policy for journals that require a data
  availability statement, a data citation, and sharing of data (it is
  equivalent to TOP level 2 {[}15{]}).
\item
  ``Mandates data sharing and peer reviews data'' is a policy for
  journals that take the additional step of peer reviewing data (it is
  the equivalent to TOP level 3 {[}15{]}).
\end{enumerate}

\par\null

Of course, we recognize that the process of adopting open research
practices can be challenging and requires cultural change as emphasized
by Henriikka Mustajoki (Head of Development, Federation of Finnish
Learned Societies) {[}16{]}. Our four policy levels give flexibility so
that journals can adopt policies that are right for their research
communities.

\par\null

Tiered policies like these adopted by major publishers and
journals\textsuperscript{} enable journals to adapt to the communities
they serve {[}17{]}. The Wiley data sharing policies are shown in Table
2, which maps each against the Transparency Openness Promotion (TOP)
guidelines {[}15{]} that are used by publishers and funders to increase
transparency.

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\scriptsize\begin{tabulary}{1.0\textwidth}{CCCCCCC}
 &  &  &  &  &  &  \\
 & Table 2. Four data-sharing policies adopted at Wiley and their features. &  &  &  &  &  \\
 &  & Data availability statement is published\textsuperscript{\textbf{a}}
 & Data has been shared\textsuperscript{\textbf{b}}
 & Data has been peer reviewed\textsuperscript{\textbf{c}}
 & Example Wiley journals & The TOP Guideline Level \\
 & Encourages Data Sharing & Optional & Optional & Optional &  & Not TOP compliant, i.e. "Level 0") \\
 & Expects Data Sharing & Required & Optional & Optional & https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/20448309 & TOP Level 1 \\
 & Mandates Data Sharing & Required & Required & Optional & https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/20457758/homepage/forauthors.html & https://hub.wiley.com/external-link.jspa?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fcos.io\%2Four-services\%2Ftop-guidelines\%2F \\
 & Mandates Data Sharing and Peer Reviews Data & Required & Required & Required & https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/20496060/features/guidelines-for-reviewers & https://hub.wiley.com/external-link.jspa?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fcos.io\%2Four-services\%2Ftop-guidelines\%2F \\
 &  &  &  &  &  &  \\
 &  &  &  &  & https://ajps.org/ajps-replication-policy/ &  \\
 & a A data availability statement confirms the presence or absence of shared data. &  &  &  &  &  \\
 & b Links to data in data availability statements are checked to ensure they link to the data that the authors intended. If data has been stored in a data repository, the data availability statement includes a permanent link to the data. Shared data is also cited. &  &  &  &  &  \\
 & c Quality and/or replicability of linked data are peer reviewed. Depending on the journal, this may be to peer review the quality of the data by ensuring that the results in the paper and the data in the repository align (for example, sample sizes and variables match), or it may be to peer review the replicability of the data to ensure that the claims presented in the journal article are valid and can be reproduced. &  &  &  &  &  \\
\end{tabulary}
\caption{{Four data-sharing policies adopted at Wiley and their features.
{\label{231722}}%
}}
\end{table}\section*{3. Understanding Author
Needs}

{\label{277763}}

The 2016 Wiley Open Science survey gathered opinions on data-sharing
from over 4,600 researchers worldwide {[}18{]} and identified
researchers' motivations to share data (Figure 1), as well as what they
find most challenging about data sharing.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image1/image1}
\caption{{\textbf{Selected insights from Wiley Open Science survey, 2016. The
whole infographic with many more insights is described in detail by
Wiley {[}18{]} and is available on Figshare {[}19{]}.}
{\label{div-258123}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section*{4. Promoting Data Sharing}

{\label{219643}}

In November 2018, during International Data Week {[}20{]} we began a
campaign to implement the Wiley ``Expects Data'' data sharing policy
broadly. Our goal was to step-up the support we offered to researchers
who want or need to share their data, by transitioning journals from our
``Encourages Data'' data sharing policy to ``Expects Data'' if they were
ready {[}13{]}.

\par\null

First we created a toolkit that would brief publishing colleagues, so
they could effectively liaise with editors of journals, and then --
together -- to implement the requirements of the ``Expects Data''
policy, namely by including data availability statements and data
citations in every article. The data sharing team provided everything
that journals would need, including support for authors in the form of
template data availability statements, instructions for how to cite the
data they are sharing, and advice on finding appropriate repositories at
which to share their data {[}14{]}. We began our implementation plan by
selecting journals serving disciplines that were most ready for data
sharing, and introduced our new Expects Data policy to those journals
first.

\par\null

At that time, November 2018, c. 1,500+ journals had the entry-level
``Encourages Data'' data sharing policy, and had no specific
requirements for data sharing by researchers. We also published a much
smaller number of journals (c. 20+) that had adopted an earlier version
of our ``Expects Data'' policy, that emphasized the benefits of sharing
data to researchers, but that still had no specific requirements for
data sharing. Alongside this, we published a similarly small number of
journals with a ``Mandates Data'' policy (c. 20), among which are the
leading journals from the Wiley evolutionary biology portfolio.

\par\null

Since 2018 we have made significant progress at Wiley. By March 2019
over 160 journals have adopted and implemented our ``Expects Data''
policy, or our Mandates Data policy. Examples of these journals are
shown in Table 3 below. Each now requires data availability statements
in every article it publishes, as well as data citations. To make the
whole process easy for research authors, we created a series of standard
templates to complete their data availability statements, shared in
Table 4.

\par\null\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\small\begin{tabulary}{1.0\textwidth}{CC}
 &  \\
 & Table 3. Ten journals as examples of those that have adopted the Wiley Expects Data policy. \\
 & Acta Neurologica Scandinavica  \\
 & Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry  \\
 & Brain and Behavior  \\
 & Chemical Biology and Drug Design  \\
 & Clinical Endocrinology  \\
 & Clinical Genetics  \\
 & Environmetrics  \\
 & Immunity, Inflammation and Disease  \\
 & Research Synthesis Methods  \\
 & Pharmaceutical Statistics  \\
\end{tabulary}
\caption{{\emph{} Ten journals as examples of those that have adopted the Wiley
Expects Data policy.
{\label{955009}}%
}}
\end{table}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\scriptsize\begin{tabulary}{1.0\textwidth}{CCC}
 &  &  \\
 & Table 4. Template data availability statements from [14]. &  \\
 & Availability of data & Template for data availability statement  \\
 & Data openly available in a public repository that issues datasets with DOIs & The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in [repository name e.g "figshare"] at http://doi.org/[doi], reference number [reference number]. \\
 & Data openly available in a public repository that does not issue DOIs & The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in [repository name] at [URL], reference number [reference number]. \\
 & Data derived from public domain resources & The data that support the findings of this study are available in [repository name] at [URL/DOI], reference number [reference number]. These data were derived from the following resources available in the public domain: [list resources and URLs] \\
 & Embargo on data due to commercial restrictions & The data that support the findings will be available in [repository name] at [URL / DOI link] following an embargo from the date of publication to allow for commercialization of research findings. \\
 & Data available on request due to privacy/ethical restrictions & The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions. \\
 & Data subject to third party restrictions & The data that support the findings of this study are available from [third party]. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for this study. Data are available [from the authors / at URL] with the permission of [third party]. \\
 & Data available on request from the authors & The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. \\
 & Data sharing not applicable -- no new data generated & Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. \\
\end{tabulary}
\caption{{Template data availability statements from {[}14{]}.
{\label{721067}}%
}}
\end{table}We also publish several journals -- including \emph{EMBO
Reports},~\emph{The EMBO Journal} , and \emph{EMBO Molecular Medicine}
-- that have adopted our highest data policy of Mandates and Peer
Reviews Data, setting the standard for data transparency (and also data
citation, discussed in the section that follows). Beyond our data
sharing policy, we partner with repositories like Figshare and Dryad to
make it easier for authors to share data in approved repositories. We
develop standards and guidance that enables researchers to share and
cite their research data more readily {[}21, 22{]}. We adopt and
encourage the use of Center for Open Science badges, and over 30
journals use these to recognise and celebrate authors who share data. In
addition, we are launching an Open Science Ambassador Program in China,
and Open Data contribution and sharing will be important components of
that program.

\par\null

\section*{5. Citing Data}

{\label{295110}}

Wiley endorses the FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles
{[}23{]}, a set of guiding principles for data within scholarly
literature, another dataset, or any other research object. We recommend
the format for data citation proposed in this Joint Declaration, and
that data held within institutional, subject-focused, or more general
data repositories should be cited. At the same time, we do not intend to
replace community standards such as in-line citation of GenBank
accession codes, instead we hope to supplement those with formal data
citations. This is one way to begin to enable researchers who share data
to be recognized in the same way that researchers are recognized when
they collect citations to their research articles. Data citation like
this is not new to Wiley policies. But the emphasis on data citation
within the new Wiley data sharing policies is new and is in-line with
industry standards and initiatives to recognize data as a primary
research object.

\par\null

\section*{6. Conclusions: Next steps}

{\label{761078}}

At Wiley, we believe that open research is not just the future of
research communications; it is the here and now {[}8{]}. Publishers are
fundamentally service providers for researchers, whether those
researchers are acting as authors, peer reviewers, editors or readers.
Our careful implementation of open research practices, including
data-sharing policies and open data badges, is intended to help
researchers adopt new practices and to benefit from extra impact. We are
excited about seeing the results of this work in terms of published data
availability statements, and data citations. Looking further ahead we
intend to measure the success of our ``Expects Data Sharing'' policy
implementation, and to measure publication of data availability
statements and data citations. With this information, we'll be able to
celebrate adoption of new practices by the research communities we work
with and serve, and showcase researchers from those communities leading
in open research.

\par\null

\section*{Acknowledgment}

{\label{449006}}

We are grateful to Wiley's data sharing team and the people who helped
design and implement the data sharing policies including: Erin Arndt
(Associate Director, Editorial System), Hope Inman (Manager, Editorial
Operations \& Communications) Elizabeth Moylan (Publisher), Kate Perry
(Product Manager), Kathryn Sharples (Director, Editorial Development),
Terri Teleen (Director, Editorial Operations \& Communications), Natasha
White (Director, Open Access Product Marketing), Chris Graf (Director,
Research Integrity and Publishing Ethics).

\section*{References}

{\label{815496}}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\_data/file/775006/Realising-the-potential-ORDTF-July-2018.pdf
\item
  https://fairsharing.org
\item
  https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/foster-taxonomy/open-science-definition
\item
  http://ec.europa.eu/information\_society/newsroom/cf/dae/newsletter-specific-archive-issue.cfm?newsletter\_service\_id=129\&newsletter\_issue\_id=398\&pdf=true\&fullDate=Thu\%2016\%20Jul\%202015\&lang=default
\item
  https://www.ted.com/talks/michael\_nielsen\_open\_science\_now
\item
  https://cos.io/
\item
  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeaErs9h6Bc
\item
  https://authorservices.wiley.com/open-research/index.html
\item
  https://www.force11.org/group/fairgroup/fairprinciples
\item
  https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2019/03/11/openness-an-interview-with-daniel-hook-ceo-of-digital-science/
\item
  https://www.thesgc.org/news/chemical-biology-toolbox-study-protein-methyltransferases-and-epigenetic-signaling-nature
\item
  https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/content/what-are-benefits-open-science
\item
  https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/licensing-and-open-access/how-and-why-we-re-making-research-data-more-open
\item
  https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal-Authors/open-access/data-sharing-citation/data-sharing-policy.html
\item
  https://cos.io/our-services/top-guidelines/
\item
  https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/licensing-and-open-access/what-does-open-science-require-cultural-change
\item
  https://cos.io/blog/landscape-open-data-policies/
\item
  https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/licensing-and-open-access/open-science-trends-you-need-to-know-about
\item
  https://figshare.com/articles/Wiley\_Open\_Science\_Researcher\_Survey\_2016\_Infographic/4910714
\item
  https://www.internationaldataweek.org
\item
  https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018259.
\item
  https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/latest-content/why-share-and-cite-my-research-data-a-guide-to-making-open-research-easier
\item
  https://www.force11.org/group/joint-declaration-data-citation-principles-final
\end{enumerate}

\par\null

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