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\title{Tracer hydrology of the data-scarce and heterogeneous Central American Isthmus}



\author[1]{Ricardo Sanchez-Murillo}%
\author[1]{Germain Esquivel-Hernández}%
\author[1]{José  Corrales-Salazar}%
\author[2]{Laura Castro-Chacón}%
\author[3]{Ana María Durán}%
\author[4]{Manuel Guerrero-Hernández}%
\author[5]{Valeria Delgado}%
\author[5]{Javier Barberena}%
\author[5]{Katia Montenegro-Rayo}%
\author[6]{Heyddy  Calderon}%
\author[7]{Carlos Chévez}%
\author[8]{Tania Peña-Paz}%
\author[8]{Saúl Santos-García}%
\author[9]{Pedro Ortiz-Roque}%
\author[10]{Yaneth Alvardo-Callejas}%
\author[10]{Laura Benegas}%
\author[11]{Arturo Hernández}%
\author[8]{Marcela Matamoros}%
\author[12]{Lucia Ortega}%
\author[12]{Stefan Terzer}%
\affil[1]{Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica}%
\affil[2]{Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia}%
\affil[3]{Universidad de Costa Rica}%
\affil[4]{Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcánica Central}%
\affil[5]{Centro para la Investigación en Recursos Acuáticos de Nicaragua}%
\affil[6]{Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua}%
\affil[7]{Nicaraguan Institute of Territorial Studies}%
\affil[8]{Instituto Hondureño de Ciencias de la Tierra}%
\affil[9]{Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados}%
\affil[10]{CATIE}%
\affil[11]{Servicios de Investigación Científica y Técnica SC}%
\affil[12]{IAEA}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Numerous socio-economic activities depend on the seasonal rainfall and
groundwater recharge cycle across the Central American Isthmus.
Population growth and unregulated land use changes resulted in extensive
surface water pollution and a large dependency on groundwater resources.
This work combines stable isotope variations in rainfall, surface water,
and groundwater of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras to
develop a regionalized rainfall isoscape, isotopic lapse rates,
spatial-temporal isotopic variations, and air mass back trajectories
determining potential mean recharge elevations, moisture circulation
patterns, and surface water-groundwater interactions. Intra-seasonal
rainfall modes resulted in two isotopically depleted incursions
(W-shaped isotopic pattern) during the wet season and two enriched
pulses during the Mid-Summer Drought and the months of the strongest
trade winds. Notable isotopic sub-cloud fractionation and near-surface
secondary evaporation were identified as common denominators within the
Central American Dry Corridor. Groundwater and surface water isotope
ratios depicted the strong orographic separation into the Caribbean and
Pacific domains, mainly induced by the governing moisture transport from
the Caribbean Sea, complex rainfall producing systems across the N-S
mountain range, and the subsequent mixing with local evapotranspiration,
and, to a lesser degree, the eastern Pacific Ocean fluxes. Groundwater
recharge was characterized by a) depleted recharge in highland areas
(72.3\%), b) rapid recharge via preferential flow paths (13.1\%), and
enriched recharge due to near-surface secondary fractionation (14.6\%).
Median recharge elevation ranged from 1,104 to 1,979 m asl. These
results are intended to enhance forest conservation practices, inform
water protection regulations, and facilitate water security and
sustainability planning in the Central American Isthmus.%
\end{abstract}%



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