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\begin{document}

\title{The impact of subglacial drainage system evolution and glacier lake
outburst on Arctic fjord macronutrient dynamics: Kongsfjorden, Svalbard}



\author[1]{Andreas Alexander}%
\author[2]{Livia Piermattei}%
\author[3]{Philipp Assmy}%
\author[4]{Andrea L. Popp}%
\author[5]{Nicolas Valiente}%
\author[6]{Guy David Tallentire}%
\author[7]{simon Filhol}%
\author[8]{Thomas Vikhamar Schuler}%
\author[9]{Ugo Nanni}%
\author[3]{Jack Kohler}%
\author[8]{Louise Steffensen Schmidt}%
\author[10]{Léo Decaux}%
\author[8]{George Cowie}%
\author[3]{Allison Bailey}%
\author[11]{Riko Noormets}%
\author[3]{Pierre-Marie Lefeuvre}%
\author[12]{Claire S. Earlie}%
\author[13]{Maarja Kruusmaa}%
\author[14]{Andrew Hodson}%
\affil[1]{University of Bergen}%
\affil[2]{5.	Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)}%
\affil[3]{Norwegian Polar Institute}%
\affil[4]{SMHI}%
\affil[5]{University of Castilla-La Mancha}%
\affil[6]{Loughborough University}%
\affil[7]{Dept. of Geosciences, University of Oslo}%
\affil[8]{University of Oslo}%
\affil[9]{Geoscience department, Univ. of Oslo}%
\affil[10]{University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences}%
\affil[11]{The University Centre in Svalbard}%
\affil[12]{Jet Propulsion Laboratory}%
\affil[13]{Tallinn University of Technology}%
\affil[14]{University Centre in Svalbard}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Rapid warming in the Arctic leads to increased glacier melt and
freshwater runoff, especially from tidewater glaciers. Here, runoff
enters the fjord at depth; induces upwelling and enhances macronutrient
delivery to the fjords. However, most studies have low temporal
resolutions and so the effects of low-frequency, high-amplitude events
on the marine environment remain poorly known. Here, we combine glacier
observations with fjord and glacier lake sampling to describe the impact
of the 2021 glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF) from lake Setevatnet into
Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). We demonstrate the importance of changing
subglacial conditions and examine their effects upon macronutrient
availability in the inner fjord. Our observations reveal that direct
nutrient subsidy from the glacier is most important in early summer,
providing critical nitrate (NO3-) and silicate following the routing of
meltwater through an inefficient drainage system. Increasing quantities
of ice melt force the establishment of an efficient drainage system,
creating a plume in the inner fjord, and resulting in upwelling of
nutrient-rich bottom water. When the sudden drainage of a glacier lake
with high NO3- concentrations occurred, it left little imprint on the
NO3- content of the inner fjord, and instead induced seasonal maximum
nitrite (NO2-) concentrations. This outcome implies that NO3- was
removed by denitrification at the glacier bed and its product NO2- was
discharged by the flood waters into the inner fjord. Our findings show
that the delivery of key, productivity-limiting nutrients from tidewater
glaciers not only depends on runoff, but also on characteristics of the
glacier drainage system.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

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