References

1. Grunewald J, Grutters JC, Arkema EV, Saketkoo LA, Moller DR, Muller-Quernheim J. Sarcoidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers.2019;5(1):45.
2. Muller-Quernheim J, Pfeifer S, Mannel D, Strausz J, Ferlinz R. Lung-restricted activation of the alveolar macrophage/monocyte system in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145(1):187-192.
3. Ziegenhagen MW, Rothe ME, Zissel G, Muller-Quernheim J. Exaggerated TNFalpha release of alveolar macrophages in corticosteroid resistant sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis.2002;19(3):185-190.
4. Grant CR, Liberal R, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D, Longhi MS. Regulatory T-cells in autoimmune diseases: challenges, controversies and–yet–unanswered questions. Autoimmun Rev.2015;14(2):105-116.
5. Idali F, Wahlstrom J, Muller-Suur C, Eklund A, Grunewald J. Analysis of regulatory T cell associated forkhead box P3 expression in the lungs of patients with sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol.2008;152(1):127-137.
6. Miyara M, Amoura Z, Parizot C, et al. The immune paradox of sarcoidosis and regulatory T cells. J Exp Med.2006;203(2):359-370.
7. Costabel U. CD4/CD8 ratios in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: of value for diagnosing sarcoidosis? Eur Respir J. 1997;10(12):2699-2700.
8. Wahlstrom J, Katchar K, Wigzell H, Olerup O, Eklund A, Grunewald J. Analysis of intracellular cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ lung and blood T cells in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2001;163(1):115-121.
9. Parasa VR, Forsslund H, Enger T, et al. Enhanced CD8(+) cytolytic T cell responses in the peripheral circulation of patients with sarcoidosis and non-Lofgren’s disease. Respir Med.2018;138s:S38-s44.
10. Prior C, Knight RA, Herold M, Ott G, Spiteri MA. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: patterns of cytokine release in vitro. Eur Respir J.1996;9(1):47-53.
11. Fehrenbach H, Zissel G, Goldmann T, et al. Alveolar macrophages are the main source for tumour necrosis factor-alpha in patients with sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(3):421-428.
12. Gordon JR, Galli SJ. Mast cells as a source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-alpha/cachectin. Nature.1990;346(6281):274-276.
13. Nakae S, Suto H, Berry GJ, Galli SJ. Mast cell-derived TNF can promote Th17 cell-dependent neutrophil recruitment in ovalbumin-challenged OTII mice. Blood. 2007;109(9):3640-3648.
14. Prasse A, Georges CG, Biller H, et al. Th1 cytokine pattern in sarcoidosis is expressed by bronchoalveolar CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.Clin Exp Immunol. 2000;122(2):241-248.
15. Eklund A, van Hage-Hamsten M, Skold CM, Johansson SG. Elevated levels of tryptase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis. 1993;10(1):12-17.
16. Flint KC, Leung KB, Hudspith BN, et al. Bronchoalveolar mast cells in sarcoidosis: increased numbers and accentuation of mediator release.Thorax. 1986;41(2):94-99.
17. Bjermer L, Engstrom-Laurent A, Thunell M, Hallgren R. Hyaluronic acid in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with sarcoidosis: relationship to lavage mast cells. Thorax. 1987;42(12):933-938.
18. Rottoli P, Rottoli L, Perari MG, Collodoro A, Carriero G, Bianco S. Mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage in sarcoidosis: correlation with alveolar lymphocytes. Respiration. 1988;54 Suppl 1:42-48.
19. Bjermer L, Rosenhall L, Angstrom T, Hallgren R. Predictive value of bronchoalveolar lavage cell analysis in sarcoidosis. Thorax.1988;43(4):284-288.
20. Drent M, Cremers JP, Jansen TL, Baughman RP. Practical eminence and experience-based recommendations for use of TNF-alpha inhibitors in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis.2014;31(2):91-107.
21. Adler BL, Wang CJ, Bui TL, Schilperoort HM, Armstrong AW. Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in sarcoidosis: A systematic review of efficacy and safety. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;48(6):1093-1104.
22. Vorselaars AD, Verwoerd A, van Moorsel CH, Keijsers RG, Rijkers GT, Grutters JC. Prediction of relapse after discontinuation of infliximab therapy in severe sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):602-609.
23. Vorselaars AD, Crommelin HA, Deneer VH, et al. Effectiveness of infliximab in refractory FDG PET-positive sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(1):175-185.
24. Sweiss NJ, Barnathan ES, Lo K, Judson MA, Baughman R. C-reactive protein predicts response to infliximab in patients with chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2010;27(1):49-56.
25. Loza MJ, Brodmerkel C, Du Bois RM, et al. Inflammatory profile and response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011;18(6):931-939.
26. Verwoerd A, Hijdra D, Vorselaars AD, et al. Infliximab therapy balances regulatory T cells, tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) expression and soluble TNFR2 in sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol.2016;185(2):263-270.
27. Hijdra D, Vorselaars AD, Crommelin HA, et al. Can intermediate monocytes predict response to infliximab therapy in sarcoidosis?Eur Respir J. 2016;48(4):1242-1245.
28. Kaiser Y, Lepzien R, Kullberg S, Eklund A, Smed-Sorensen A, Grunewald J. Expanded lung T-bet+RORgammaT+ CD4+ T-cells in sarcoidosis patients with a favourable disease phenotype. Eur Respir J.2016;48(2):484-494.
29. Darlington P, Haugom-Olsen H, von Sivers K, et al. T-cell phenotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood and lymph nodes in pulmonary sarcoidosis–indication for an airborne antigen as the triggering factor in sarcoidosis. J Intern Med. 2012;272(5):465-471.
30. Sakthivel P, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Bruder D, Wahlstrom J. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with high-level inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) expression on lung regulatory T cells–possible implications for the ICOS/ICOS-ligand axis in disease course and resolution. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;183(2):294-306.
31. Muller-Quernheim J, Kronke M, Strausz J, Schykowski M, Ferlinz R. Interleukin-2 receptor gene expression by bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis.1989;140(1):82-88.
32. Katchar K, Wahlstrom J, Eklund A, Grunewald J. Highly activated T-cell receptor AV2S3(+) CD4(+) lung T-cell expansions in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(7):1540-1545.
33. Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1999;16(2):149-173.
34. Olsen HH, Grunewald J, Tornling G, Skold CM, Eklund A. Bronchoalveolar lavage results are independent of season, age, gender and collection site. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43644.
35. Baughman RP, Drent M, Culver DA, et al. Endpoints for clinical trials of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis.2012;29(2):90-98.
36. Baughman RP, Drent M, Kavuru M, et al. Infliximab therapy in patients with chronic sarcoidosis and pulmonary involvement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(7):795-802.
37. Wijnen PA, Cremers JP, Nelemans PJ, et al. Association of the TNF-alpha G-308A polymorphism with TNF-inhibitor response in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(6):1730-1739.
38. Mekori YA, Hershko AY. T cell-mediated modulation of mast cell function: heterotypic adhesion-induced stimulatory or inhibitory effects. Front Immunol. 2012;3:6.
39. Gounaris E, Blatner NR, Dennis K, et al. T-regulatory cells shift from a protective anti-inflammatory to a cancer-promoting proinflammatory phenotype in polyposis. Cancer Res.2009;69(13):5490-5497.
40. Stelekati E, Bahri R, D’Orlando O, et al. Mast cell-mediated antigen presentation regulates CD8+ T cell effector functions. Immunity.2009;31(4):665-676.
41. McLachlan JB, Hart JP, Pizzo SV, et al. Mast cell-derived tumor necrosis factor induces hypertrophy of draining lymph nodes during infection. Nat Immunol. 2003;4(12):1199-1205.
42. Planck A, Eklund A, Grunewald J. Markers of activity in clinically recovered human leukocyte antigen-DR17-positive sarcoidosis patients.Eur Respir J. 2003;21(1):52-57.
43. Chen X, Baumel M, Mannel DN, Howard OM, Oppenheim JJ. Interaction of TNF with TNF receptor type 2 promotes expansion and function of mouse CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells. J Immunol. 2007;179(1):154-161.
44. Nie H, Zheng Y, Li R, et al. Phosphorylation of FOXP3 controls regulatory T cell function and is inhibited by TNF-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med. 2013;19(3):322-328.
45. Nadkarni S, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy induces a distinct regulatory T cell population in patients with rheumatoid arthritis via TGF-beta. J Exp Med. 2007;204(1):33-39.
46. Fang B, Bhagat S, Busch R, Parfrey H, Hall FC. Potential biomarkers of monocyte/macrophage activity in a patient with sarcoidosis, treated with infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(5):992-994.
47. Bruns H, Meinken C, Schauenberg P, et al. Anti-TNF immunotherapy reduces CD8+ T cell-mediated antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. J Clin Invest.2009;119(5):1167-1177.
48. Dominguez-Villar M, Hafler DA. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease. Nat Immunol. 2018;19(7):665-673.
49. Prasse A, Zissel G, Lutzen N, et al. Inhaled vasoactive intestinal peptide exerts immunoregulatory effects in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(4):540-548.