Intraspecific genetic divergence and biogeography
The species delimitation using the GMYC single threshold model defined
25 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) or putative species (Table 4), of
which 18 corresponded to recognised Linnean species or (1) subspecies
(Fig. 5). The rest correspond to Iberian haplotype clusters classified
as independent OTUs mostly within those species with a maximum
intra-specific genetic divergence over 2% (Table 1), namelyCatocala nymphagoga , Colotois pennaria, Tortricodes
alternella and Watsonalla uncinula . In addition, withinDryobotodes eremita, Dryobotodes monochroma, Ennomos
quercaria, Nycteola columbana and Peribatodes ilicaria there
were well-defined Iberian monophyletic clades (although not delimited at
separate OTUs in the GMYC analysis). This Iberian distinctiveness with
respect to the rest of Europe was higher than in the case of Italy.
There were fewer Italian OTUs/monophyletic clades and more haplotypes
were shared between Italy and the countries north of the Alps than
between Iberia and the rest of the continent (Fig. 5). Haplotype sharing
is also frequent between populations located in the central and northern
European countries (Fig. 5).
The number of putative species delimited by the multiple threshold GMYC
largely exceeded that of the single threshold model (Table 4). All the
putative species delimited by the latter were also different OTUs
according to the former. However, according to the multiple thresholds
GMYC, more Iberian monophyletic clades were classified as different
putative species (Fig. S2). Both ABGD and jMOTU produced very similar
result to the GMYC single threshold approach, both in terms of the
number and identity of the OTUs retrieved (Table 4). jMOTU delimited the
exact same 25 OTUs as single threshold GMYC at a cut-off value of 7 bp
(equivalent to 1.1% genetic divergence) (Table 4; Figure S1). ABGD
delimited 23 of the same 25 OTUs at a recommended prior value on maximum
intraspecific divergence of 0.01, the sole difference being no
subdivision of Tortricodes alternella and Watsonalla
uncinula (Table 4; Table S3).