Figure 5. Relationship between insect herbivore effects on willow shoot growth, and lagged climate. Tests are the same as those in Fig. 2c, except that analyses are run separately for each of the experimental treatments. Abbreviations are as described in the legend to Fig. 3 and Table 1.
The joint outcome of these patterns again led to negative relationships between effects of insect herbivory and climate, such that insects had more strongly negative effects in warmer years. Interestingly, while vertebrate herbivory alone had little impact on this trend (i.e.P , RP ), negative effects of herbivory appeared to be buffered by rejuvenation treatments, such that the overall effect of insect herbivores was smaller (e.g. J , PJ ) (Fig. 5). Again, however, this buffering appeared to be nullified by vertebrate herbivory, such that the treatment that included both vertebrate herbivores and rejuvenation (RPJ ) showed a response that was roughly identical to that in the untreated experimental unit (N ).