References
  1. Ackermann, M., Verleden, S. E., Kuehnel, M., Haverich, A., Welte, T., Laenger, F., … & Li, W. W. (2020). Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. May 21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2015432. Online ahead of print.
  2. Armstrong, J. F., Faccenda, E., Harding, S. D., Pawson, A. J., Southan, C., Sharman, J. L., … & Spedding, M. (2020). The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2020: extending immunopharmacology content and introducing the IUPHAR/MMV Guide to MALARIA PHARMACOLOGY. Nucleic acids research, 48(D1), D1006-D1021.
  3. Asokananthan, N., Graham, P. T., Fink, J., Knight, D. A., Bakker, A. J., McWilliam, A. S., … & Stewart, G. A. (2002). Activation of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-2, and PAR-4 stimulates IL-6, IL-8, and prostaglandin E2 release from human respiratory epithelial cells. The Journal of Immunology, 168(7), 3577-3585.
  4. Atanelishvili, I., Liang, J., Akter, T., Spyropoulos, D. D., Silver, R. M., & Bogatkevich, G. S. (2014). Thrombin Increases Lung Fibroblast Survival while Promoting Alveolar Epithelial Cell Apoptosis via the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Marker, CCAAT Enhancer–Binding Homologous Protein. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 50(5), 893-902.
  5. Bae, J. S., Kim, Y. U., Park, M. K., & Rezaie, A. R. (2009). Concentration dependent dual effect of thrombin in endothelial cells via Par‐1 and Pi3 Kinase. Journal of cellular physiology, 219(3), 744-751.
  6. Blanc-Brude, O. P., Archer, F., Leoni, P., Derian, C., Bolsover, S., Laurent, G. J., & Chambers, R. C. (2005). Factor Xa stimulates fibroblast procollagen production, proliferation, and calcium signaling via PAR1 activation. Experimental cell research, 304(1), 16-27.
  7. Camprubí-Rimblas, M., Tantinyà, N., Bringué, J., Guillamat-Prats, R., & Artigas, A. (2018). Anticoagulant therapy in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Annals of translational medicine, 6(2) :36. doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.01.08.
  8. Frantzeskaki, F., Armaganidis, A., & Orfanos, S. E. (2017). Immunothrombosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome: cross talks between inflammation and coagulation. Respiration, 93(3), 212-225.
  9. Hematology.org. COVID-19 and Coagulopathy: Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-coagulopathy. Accessed June 5th, 2020
  10. Heuberger, D. M., & Schuepbach, R. A. (2019). Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thrombosis journal, 17(1), 4.
  11. Joly, B. S., Siguret, V., & Veyradier, A. (2020). Understanding pathophysiology of hemostasis disorders in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Medicine, May 15;1-4. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06088-1.
  12. Jose, R. J., & Manuel, A. (2020). COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. Apr 27;S2213-2600(20)30216-2.
  13. José, R. J., Williams, A. E., & Chambers, R. C. (2014). Proteinase-activated receptors in fibroproliferative lung disease. Thorax, 69(2), 190-192.
  14. Magro, C., Mulvey, J. J., Berlin, D., Nuovo, G., Salvatore, S., Harp, J., … & Laurence, J. (2020). Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Translational Research. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.007 [Epub ahead of print]
  15. Morrow, D. A., Braunwald, E., Bonaca, M. P., Ameriso, S. F., Dalby, A. J., Fish, M. P., … & Ophuis, A. O. (2012). Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(15), 1404-1413.
  16. Oxley, T. J., Mocco, J., Majidi, S., Kellner, C. P., Shoirah, H., Singh, I. P., … & Skliut, M. (2020). Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(20), e60.
  17. Song, J. S., Kang, C. M., Park, C. K., & Yoon, H. K. (2013). Thrombin induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via PAR-1, PKC, and ERK1/2 pathways in A549 cells. Experimental lung research, 39(8), 336-348.
  18. Sriram, K., & Insel, P. A. (2020). A hypothesis for pathobiology and treatment of COVID‐19: the centrality of ACE1/ACE2 imbalance. British Journal of Pharmacology. Apr 24. doi: 10.1111/bph.15082. Online ahead of print.
  19. Statkevich, P., Kosoglou, T., Preston, R. A., Kumar, B., Xuan, F., Trusley, C., … & Cutler, D. L. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of the novel PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar in patients with hepatic impairment. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 68(11), 1501-1508.
  20. Suzuki, T., Moraes, T. J., Vachon, E., Ginzberg, H. H., Huang, T. T., Matthay, M. A., … & Chow, C. W. (2005). Proteinase-activated receptor-1 mediates elastase-induced apoptosis of human lung epithelial cells. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 33(3), 231-247.