Figure 1. Timeline of the key developments in the history of
cardioplegia.
Figure 2. Electrophysiology Principles in
Cardioplegia. Schematic diagram showing cardiomyocyte function
including cation transport
(Na+/HCO3- symporter, Na+-H+ exchanger,
LTCC, G-protein coupled receptor, VGCC,
Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, voltage-gated
Na+ channels,
Na+/K+ pump, voltage-gated
K+ channel), excitation-contraction coupling,
acid-base balance regulation, and adrenergic and muscarinic receptors.
SR sarcoplasmic reticulum, M2 muscarinic receptor
2, A1 adenosine receptor 1, R -adrenergic
receptor, GLUT glucose
transporter 1, Gi inhibitory G
protein, Gs stimulatory G
protein, AC adenylate cyclase, ATP adenosine
triphosphate, cAMP cyclic adenosine
monophosphate, ADP adenosine
diphosphate, KATP ATP-sensitive potassium
channel, PLC phospholipase C, PKC phosphokinase
C, NF-kB nuclear factor kappa B, CICR calcium-induced
calcium release, PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase.‘