References
1. Chatrath R, Kaul T, Walker D. Myocardial protection during cardioplegia in open-heart surgery: a review. Can Anaesth Soc J . 1980; 27: 381–8.
2. Hausenloy D, Boston-Griffiths E, Yellon D. Cardioprotection during cardiac surgery. Cardiovasc Res . 2012; 94: 253–65.
3. Melrose D, Dreyer B, Bentall H, et al. Elective Cardiac Arrest.Lancet . 1955; 266: 21–3.
4. Hearse DJ, Garlick PB, Humphrey SM. Ischemic contracture of the myocardium: Mechanisms and prevention. Am J Cardiol. 1977; 39: 986–93.
5. Hearse DJ. Cardioplegia. Postgrad Med J . 1983; 59: 11–24.
6. Reidemeister JC, Heberer G, Bretschneider HJ. Induced cardiac arrest by sodium and calcium depletion and application of procaine. Int Surg . 1967; 47: 535–40.
7. Lolley DM, Hewitt RL, Drapanas T. Retroperfusion of the heart with a solution of glucose, insulin, and potassium during anoxic arrest.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1974; 67: 364–70.
8. Buckberg GD. Strategies and logic of cardioplegic delivery to prevent, avoid, and reverse ischemic and reperfusion damage. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987; 93: 127–39.
9. Calafiore AM, Teodori G, Mezzetti A, et al. Intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995; 59: 398–402.
10. Gundry SR, Kirsh MM. A Comparison of Retrograde Cardioplegia Versus Antegrade Cardioplegia in the Presence of Coronary Artery Obstruction.Ann Thorac Surg. 1984; 38: 124–7.
11. Chambers DJ, Fallouh HB. Cardioplegia and cardiac surgery: Pharmacological arrest and cardioprotection during global ischemia and reperfusion. Pharmcol Ther. 2010; 127: 41-52.
12. Fey K, Follette D, Livesay J, et al. Effects of membrane stabilization on the safety of hypothermic arrest after aortic cross-clamping. Circulation. 1977; 56: 143–7.
13. Wakiyama H, Cowan DB, Toyoda Y, et al. Selective opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels during surgically induced myocardial ischemia decreases necrosis and apoptosis. Eur J Cardio-thoracic Surg. 2002; 21: 424–33.
14. Pain T, Yang XM, Critz SD, et al. Opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels triggers the preconditioned state by generating free radicals.Circ Res . 2000; 87: 460–6.
15. Singh S, Das DS, Spadaccio C, et al. An overview of different methods of myocardial protection currently employed peri-transplantation. Vessel Plus. 2017; 1: 213–29.
16. Lee K, Chang C, Chuang Y, et al. Combined St. Thomas and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarat solutions for myocardial preservation in heart transplantation patients: Transplant Proc. 2012; 44: 886–9.
17. Chambers D, Haire K, Morley N, et al. St Thomas’ Hospital Cardioplegia: Enhanced Protection With Exogenous Creatine Phosphate.Ann Thorac Surg. 1996; 61: 67–75.
18. Cayir M, Yuksel A. The use of del Nido Cardioplegia for Myocardial Protection in Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Hear Lung Circ. 2020; 29: 301–7.
19. Mauney M, Kron I. The physiologic basis of warm cardioplegia.Ann Thorac Surg. 1995; 60: 819–23.
20. Fan Y, Zhang A, Xiao Y, et al. Warm versus cold cardioplegia for heart surgery: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Sur. 2010; 37: 912–9.
21. Martin T, Craver J, Gott J, et al. Prospective, Randomized Trial of Retrograde Warm Blood Cardioplegia: Myocardial Benefit and Neurologic Threat. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994; 57: 298–304.
22. Kuhn E, Choi Y, Pyun J, et al. Endothelial Injury Associated with Cold or Warm Blood Cardioplegia during Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Biomed Res Int. 2015; 2015: 256905.
23. Guru V, Omura J, Alghamdi A, et al. Is blood superior to crystalloid cardioplegia? A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Circulation. 2006; 114: 331–8.
24. Zeng J, He W, Qu Z, et al. Cold blood versus crystalloid cardioplegia for myocardial protection in adult cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014; 28: 674–81.
25. Gundry SR, Sequeira A, Coughlin TR, et al. Postoperative conduction disturbances: A comparison of blood and crystalloid cardioplegia.Ann Thorac Surg. 1989; 47: 384–90.
26. Günday M, Bingöl H. Is crystalloid cardioplegia a strong predictor of intraoperative hemodilution? J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014; 9: 23.
27. Mullen JC, Fremes SE, Weisel RD, et al. Right Ventricular Function: A Comparison Between Blood and Crystalloid Cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987; 43: 17–24.
28. Borger M, Wei K, Weisel RD, et al. Myocardial perfusion during warm antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia: A contrast echo study. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999; 68: 955–61.
29. Chitwood WR, Wixon CL, Norton TO, et al. Complex valve operations: Antegrade versus retrograde cardioplegia? Ann Thorac Surg. 1995; 60: 815–8.
30. Bhayana JN, Kalmbach T, Booth FVM, et al. Combined antegrade/retrograde cardioplegia for myocardial protection: A clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989; 98: 956–60.
31. Quintilio C, Voci P, Bilotta F, et al. Risk factors of incomplete distribution of cardioplegic solution during coronary artery grafting.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995; 109: 439–47.
32. Menasché P, Kural S, Fauchet M, et al. Retrograde Coronary Sinus Perfusion: A Safe Alternative for Ensuring Cardioplegic Delivery in Aortic Valve Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1982; 34: 647–58.
33. Jasinski M. Comparison of retrograde versus antegrade cold blood cardioplegia: randomized trial in elective coronary artery bypass patients. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 1997; 12: 620–6.
34. Radmehr H, Soleimani A, Tatari H, et al. Does Combined Antegrade-Retrograde Cardioplegia Have Any Superiority Over Antegrade Cardioplegia? Hear Lung Circ. 2008; 17: 475–7.
35. Murray C, Jennings R, Reimer K. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation.1986; 74: 1124–36.
36. Przylenk K, Bauer B, Ovize M, et al. Regional ischemic ‘Preconditioning’ protects remote virgin myocardium from subsequent sustained coronary occlusion. Circulation. 1993; 87: 893–9.
37. Thielmann M, Kottenberg E, Kleinbongard P, et al. Cardioprotective and prognostic effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: a single-centre randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2013; 382: 597–604.
38. Ariyaratnam P, Cale A, Loubani M, et al. Intermittent Cross-Clamp Fibrillation Versus Cardioplegic Arrest During Coronary Surgery in 6,680 Patients: A Contemporary Review of an Historical Technique. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019; 33: 3331–9.
39. Sodi-Pallares D, Testelli M, Fishleder B, et al. Effects of an intravenous infusion of a potassium-glucose-insulin solution of the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1962; 9: 166–88.
40. Hausenloy D, Yellon D. New directions for protecting the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury: targeting the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK)-pathway. Cardiovasc Res . 2004; 61: 448–60.
41. Roa V, Christakis G, Weisel R, et al. The insulin cardioplegia trial: myocardial protection for urgent coronary artery bypass grafting.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 123: 928–35.
42. Ellenberg C, Sologashvili T, Kreienbühl L, et al. Protection by Glucose–Insulin–Potassium in Moderate- to High-Risk Patients Undergoing Elective On-Pump Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anaesth Analg. 2018; 128: 1133–41.
43. Katus H, Looser S, Hallermayer K, et al. Development and in vitro characterization of a new immunoassay of cardiac troponin T. Clin Chem. 1992; 38: 386–93.
44. Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Christenson RH, et al. Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 1333–41.
45. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Eur Heart J. 2019; 40: 237–69.
46. Gohar A, Chong JPC, Liew OW, et al. The prognostic value of highly sensitive cardiac troponin assays for adverse events in men and women with stable heart failure and a preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction.Eur J Heart Fail. 2017; 19: 1638–47.
47. Mauermann E, Bolliger D, Fassl J, et al. Association of Troponin Trends and Cardiac Morbidity and Mortality After On-Pump Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2017; 104: 1289–97.
48. Domanski MJ, Mahaffey K, Hasselblad V, et al. Association of myocardial enzyme elevation and survival following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Med Assoc. 2011; 305: 585–91.
49. Goodman SG, Steg PG, Eagle KA, et al. The diagnostic and prognostic impact of the redefinition of acute myocardial infarction: Lessons from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Am Heart J.2006; 151: 654–60.
50. Kim M, Lorinsky MK, Gold CA, et al. Usefulness of Circulating Caspase-3 p17 and Caspase-1 p20 Peptides and Cardiac Troponin 1 During Cardioplegia to Gauge Myocardial Preservation. Am J Cardiol.2019; 123: 899–904.
51. Jennings R, Sommers H, Smyth G, et al. Myocardial necrosis induced by temporary occlusion of a coronary artery in the dog. Arch Pathol. 1960; 70: 68–78.
52. Crompton M, Costi A, Hayat L. Evidence for the presence of a reversible Ca2+-dependent pore activated by oxidative stress in heart mitochondria. Biochem J. 1987; 245: 915–8.
53. Griffiths E, Halestrap A. Mitochondrial non-specific pores remain closed during cardiac ischaemia, but open upon reperfusion.Biochem J. 1995; 307: 93-8.
54. Chiari P, Angoulvant D, Mewton N, et al. Cyclosporine protects the heart during aortic valve surgery. Anaesthesiology. 2014; 121: 232–8.
55. Cung T, Morel O, Cayla G, et al. Cyclosporine before PCI in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 1021–31.
56. Malouitre S, Dube H, Selwood D, et al. Mitochondrial targeting of cyclosporin A enables selective inhibition of cyclophilin-D and enhanced cytoprotection after glucose and oxygen deprivation. Biochem J.2010; 425: 137–48.
57. Habertheuer A, Kocher A, Laufer G, et al. Cardioprotection: a review of current practice in global ischaemia and future translational perspective. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 325725.