Study populations
The study populations were afar indigenous breed of non-vaccinated cattle above the age of six months having no clinical symptom of any disease were included. The age groups were Considered as (≤3.5years) Young, (3.5years<x ≤5.5years) Adult and (\(>\)5.5years) Old (pace and walker, 2003). In addition, herd size was considered small (<40 cattle), medium (40-75 cattle) and large (\(>\)75 cattle) (Tolosa et al ., 2015). These study populations were reared by pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in the selected districts of the region and these animals are usually kept mixed with other animal species.