According to the ELISA test kit manual, the samples were categorized based on their optical density (OD values as negative if OD value < 20%, ambiguous if OD value is between 20-30 % positive if OD value is > 30%).

Data generated from laboratory analysis and questionnaire survey were recorded and coded using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation) and analyzed using STATA version 14.0 for Windows (Stata Corp. College Station, TX, USA). Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) were employed to calculate the proportion of risk factors for FMD. Individual level animal prevalence was calculated by dividing the number of animals with positive ELISA tests by the total number of tested animals, and the herd prevalence was determined by dividing positive herds by the total number of herds. Herds were considered positive if one or more animals in the herd had a positive ELISA test. Risk factors for seroprevalence of FMD virus were investigated using logistic regression analysis. In all the analyses, confidence levels at 95% were calculated, and a P < 0.05 was used for statistical significance level.