Study Organisms Application scheme Effect
Metformin Metformin Metformin Metformin
Life extension effect Life extension effect Life extension effect Life extension effect
Slack 201297
Fruit flies
1,10,100 mM, every day
1-10 mM, no effect on survival; >10mM, lifespan decrease Increase mean lifespan by 18%, 36%, 3%
Cabreiro 201320 C. elegans 25, 50, 100 mM, every day Increase mean lifespan by 14%, 6%, 0%
Martin-Montalvo 201321
Mice
100 mg/kg, every day, started at 3, 9 or 15 months
0.1%, lifespan increase by 5.83%; 1%, lifespan decrease by 14.4%
Zhong 201719
Human
Initial dose: 750 mg/day; increased weekly up to 1500 or 2250 mg/day for 3-12 weeks Increase in AMPK phosphorylation; Decreased tumor cell proliferation; Decreased H19 levels; Increased methylation in genes H19, DMRTA2, KCNG2, PSMD10, TRA2A
Anticancer effect Anticancer effect Anticancer effect Anticancer effect
Mitsuhashi 201463 Human 1500‐2250 mg/day, for 4 to 6 weeks Inhibited endometrial cancer cells grow in vivo
Anisimov 201161 Mice 100 mg/kg-bodyweight starting at the age of 3 months, 9 months, and 15 months Delayed tumor onset by 22% and 25% respectively at the age of 3 months and 9 months
H. P. Chen 201366 Human Based on the condition of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Hepatocellular carcinoma risk decreases
Reduce cardiovascular disease risk Reduce cardiovascular disease risk Reduce cardiovascular disease risk Reduce cardiovascular disease risk
Lexis 201545 Human ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, 500 mg twice daily, for 4 months Cardiovascular risk decreases
Goldberg 201746 Human 850 mg twice daily, for over 3.2 years Coronary atherosclerosis risk decreases
Karnewar 201837
Mice
50 mg/kg-bodyweight for 14 months
Ameliorated age-related atherosclerosis; Significantly reduced macrophage recruitment and inflammatory cytokines
Kanamori 201941 Mice 200 mg/kg-bodyweight per day for 4 weeks Partially reversed left ventricular dilatation caused by δ-sarcoglycan deficiency
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect
Chen 200980 Mice 2–5 mg/mL for 6 days Both intracellular and extracellular Aβ species increases
Li 201281 Mice 200 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 18 weeks AD-like biochemical changes decrease
Koenig 201778 Human Metformin or placebo for 8 weeks  Executive functioning improves
Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect
Katila 201795 Mice 200 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 7 days Metformin provides neuroprotection against MPTP neurotoxicity
Rapamycin
Life extension effect Life extension effect Life extension effect Life extension effect
Aliper 201723 Yeasts 100, 300, 600, 1000pg/mL in the culture medium Lifespan increase in a dose-responsive manner
Harrison 200924
Mice
Begins at 600 days, 14.7 mg/kg
females’ lifespan increases by 14%; males’ lifespan increases by 9%
Miller 2014112 Mice Begins at 3 months, everyday females, lifespan increase by 26%; males, lifespan increase by 23%
Mannick 201427 Human 0.5mg daily, or 5 mg weekly, or 20 mg weekly for 6 weeks 20% improved response to influenza vaccine
Wang 201726 Mice 42mg/kg-bodyweight dietary rapamycin treatment from 4 to 22 months Had 6-month decrease in epigenetic age compared to control
Anticancer effect Anticancer effect Anticancer effect Anticancer effect
Guba 200255 Mice 1.5 mg/kg/d, begins on day 0 or 7 relative to tumor implantation Inhibited liver tumors grow
Granville 200757 Mice 1 weeks after NNK administration Tumors show decreased phenotypic progression and a 74% decrease in size
Anisimov 201156 Mice Begins at 2 months ,3 times a week, for 2 weeks, followed by a 2 weeks break, for 2 years Shifted the tumor-yield curve to the right and prolonged mean lifespan
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect
Caccamo 201085 Mice 2.24 mg/kg, every day RAPA improves learning and memory and reduces Aβ and tau pathology.
Lin 201787 Mice 14mg/kg, every day Block progression of early cognitive deficits