Metformin |
Metformin |
Metformin |
Metformin |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Slack 201297
|
Fruit flies
|
1,10,100 mM, every day
|
1-10 mM, no effect on survival;
>10mM, lifespan decrease
Increase mean lifespan by 18%, 36%, 3%
|
Cabreiro 201320
|
C. elegans |
25, 50, 100 mM, every
day |
Increase mean lifespan by 14%, 6%, 0% |
Martin-Montalvo 201321
|
Mice
|
100 mg/kg, every day, started at 3, 9 or 15 months
|
0.1%, lifespan increase by 5.83%;
1%, lifespan decrease by 14.4%
|
Zhong 201719
|
Human
|
Initial dose: 750 mg/day;
increased weekly up to 1500 or 2250 mg/day for 3-12 weeks
|
Increase in AMPK phosphorylation; Decreased tumor cell proliferation;
Decreased H19 levels;
Increased methylation in genes H19, DMRTA2, KCNG2, PSMD10, TRA2A
|
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer
effect |
Mitsuhashi 201463
|
Human |
1500‐2250 mg/day, for 4 to
6 weeks |
Inhibited endometrial cancer cells grow in vivo |
Anisimov 201161
|
Mice |
100 mg/kg-bodyweight starting
at the age of 3 months, 9 months, and 15 months |
Delayed tumor onset by
22% and 25% respectively at the age of 3 months and 9
months |
H. P. Chen 201366
|
Human |
Based on the condition of
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus |
Hepatocellular carcinoma risk
decreases |
Reduce cardiovascular disease risk |
Reduce cardiovascular disease risk |
Reduce cardiovascular disease risk |
Reduce cardiovascular disease
risk |
Lexis 201545
|
Human |
ST-segment elevation myocardial
infarction (STEMI) patients, 500 mg twice daily, for 4 months |
Cardiovascular risk decreases |
Goldberg 201746
|
Human |
850 mg twice daily, for over
3.2 years |
Coronary atherosclerosis risk decreases |
Karnewar 201837
|
Mice
|
50 mg/kg-bodyweight for 14 months
|
Ameliorated age-related atherosclerosis;
Significantly reduced macrophage recruitment and inflammatory
cytokines
|
Kanamori 201941
|
Mice |
200 mg/kg-bodyweight per day
for 4 weeks |
Partially reversed left ventricular dilatation caused by
δ-sarcoglycan deficiency |
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease
effect |
Chen 200980
|
Mice |
2–5 mg/mL for 6 days |
Both
intracellular and extracellular Aβ species increases |
Li 201281
|
Mice |
200 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 18 weeks |
AD-like biochemical changes decrease |
Koenig 201778
|
Human |
Metformin or placebo for 8
weeks |
Executive functioning improves |
Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect |
Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect |
Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect |
Anti-Parkinson’s disease
effect |
Katila 201795
|
Mice |
200 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 7 days |
Metformin provides neuroprotection against MPTP
neurotoxicity |
Rapamycin |
|
|
|
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Aliper 201723
|
Yeasts |
100, 300, 600, 1000pg/mL in
the culture medium |
Lifespan increase in a dose-responsive
manner |
Harrison 200924
|
Mice
|
Begins at 600 days, 14.7 mg/kg
|
females’ lifespan increases by 14%;
males’ lifespan increases by 9%
|
Miller 2014112
|
Mice |
Begins at 3 months, everyday |
females, lifespan increase by 26%; males, lifespan increase by
23% |
Mannick 201427
|
Human |
0.5mg daily, or 5 mg weekly,
or 20 mg weekly for 6 weeks |
20% improved response to influenza
vaccine |
Wang 201726
|
Mice |
42mg/kg-bodyweight dietary
rapamycin treatment from 4 to 22 months |
Had 6-month decrease in
epigenetic age compared to control |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer
effect |
Guba 200255
|
Mice |
1.5 mg/kg/d, begins on day 0 or 7
relative to tumor implantation |
Inhibited liver tumors
grow |
Granville 200757
|
Mice |
1 weeks after NNK
administration |
Tumors show decreased phenotypic progression and a 74%
decrease in size |
Anisimov 201156
|
Mice |
Begins at 2 months ,3 times a
week, for 2 weeks, followed by a 2 weeks break, for 2 years |
Shifted
the tumor-yield curve to the right and prolonged mean
lifespan |
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease
effect |
Caccamo 201085
|
Mice |
2.24 mg/kg, every day |
RAPA
improves learning and memory and reduces Aβ and tau
pathology. |
Lin 201787
|
Mice |
14mg/kg, every day |
Block
progression of early cognitive deficits |