Figure 2. Outline of caffeine as a potential adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 in relation to COVID-19 clinical manifestations. We proposed anti-inflammatory effect of caffeine on SARS-CoV-2 mediated inflammation. In addition, caffeine also has the potential to significantly inhibit the NLRP-3 inflammasome, proinflammatory macrophages, as well as BPD and AOP in infants. Caffeine also have positive effects on CD8+ T cells, cytotoxic T cells, total lymphocytes and stimulatory effect on myeloperoxidase, improved asthma, lung function, ARDS as well as microcirculation, antiviral activity, reduced fibrosis and coronary diseases. NLRP3: NOD-like receptor 3, BPD: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, AOP: Apnea of prematurity, ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome.