Study population
This case series included octogenarians receiving LP implant procedures following infectious conventional PM lead extractions between June 2017 and June 2019 at Tokyo Women’s Medical University and Shinshu University, which are tertiary referral centers for TLEs. The indication for a lead extraction was a device-related infection with a class 1 indication for an extraction according to the Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on cardiovascular implantable electronic device lead management and extractions. 1Device‐related infections were defined as clinically proven or suspected infections of the PM pocket or lead. 1 Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography was performed to further confirm the diagnosis of a device infection and to evaluate the presence of endocardial or pacing lead involvement. Demographic data including age, sex, body mass index, pacing indication, cardiovascular disease history and medical comorbidities were also obtained from the medical records. This study conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki on human research and was approved by the ethical committee of both institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from every patient.