Wheat allergy
We included 16 studies on accuracy of diagnostic tests for wheat allergy. For meta-analyses there were 5 studies of SPT to wheat [36, 84, 106, 116, 138, 156, 158, 180], 10 of sIgE to wheat [32, 36, 55, 56, 79, 106, 116, 130, 132, 138, 152, 156, 160, 180] and 6 of ω-5 gliadin [32, 56, 79, 130, 132, 138] with pooled sensitivities of 53%, 72%, 79% and specificities of 72% 79% and 78%, respectively (Table 2 ) and (Figure 2I) . For sIgE-wheat and ω-5 gliadin, sensitivity increased for subjects ≤16 years of age (Table 6 ). The maximum sensitivity was ≥ 90% for wheat-sIgE and the maximum specificity was ≥ 90% for ω-5 gliadin (Tables S5 and S6 ).