Small Right Anterior Thoracotomy (n=275) Sternotomy (n=135)
p-value
Preoperative Characteristics Preoperative Characteristics Preoperative Characteristics Preoperative Characteristics
Age (years) 59 (50, 67) 67 (58, 76) <0.0001
Male 187 (68.0) 86 (63.7) 0.386
Non-white race 56 (20.4) 38 (28.2) 0.078
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) 25 (23, 28) 25 (23, 28) 0.784
New York Heart Association Class 0.947
I 35 (20.8) 19 (22.1)
II 73 (43.5) 34 (39.5)
III 45 (26.8) 25 (29.1)
IV 15 (8.9) 8 (9.3)
Diabetes 30 (11.7) 6 (4.8) 0.029
Atrial fibrillation 30 (18.9) 13 (15.9) 0.563
History of Congestive Heart Failure 99 (38.5) 52 (41.3) 0.605
Hyperlipidemia 73 (39.7) 27 (31.8) 0.212
Hypertension 154 (59.5) 64 (50.8) 0.090
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 21 (5.7) 16 (13.0) 0.166
Prior myocardial infarction 15 (6.3) 8 (6.9) 0.816
Prior cerebrovascular accident 11 (4.6) 3 (3.7) 0.285
Renal Insufficiency 11 (4.3) 3 (2.4) 0.366
Renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy 8 (2.1) 1 (0.3) 0.165
Ejection Fraction (%) 61 (57, 66) 60 (50, 65) 0.0004
Previous cardiac surgery 4 (1.5) 15 (11.1) <0.0001
Prior mitral valve surgery 2 (0.7) 5 (3.7) 0.029
CABG 0 (0) 7 (5.2) 0.0001
Any valve 4 (1.5) 9 (6.7) 0.048
Preoperative Mitral Valve Assessment (Echocardiogram) Preoperative Mitral Valve Assessment (Echocardiogram) Preoperative Mitral Valve Assessment (Echocardiogram) Preoperative Mitral Valve Assessment (Echocardiogram)
Leaflet involvement
Anterior 20 (7.3) 32 (23.7) <0.0001
Posterior 215 (78.8) 92 (68.2)
Anterior and Posterior 38 (13.0) 11 (8.1)
Preoperative MR grade 0.0002
Mild 2 (0.7) 5 (3.8)
Moderate 30 (7.4) 32 (24.2)
Severe 238 (88.1) 95 (72.0)
Etiology of mitral valve disease <0.0001
Degenerative 259 (94.2) 104 (77.0)
Other 16 (5.8) 31 (23.0)