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\begin{document}

\title{Cross-Species Transmission of Coronaviruses in Humans and~ Domestic
Mammals, What Are the Ecological Mechanisms Driving Transmission,
Spillover, and Disease Emergence?}



\author[1]{Nicole Nova}%
\affil[1]{Department of Biology, Stanford University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Coronaviruses cause respiratory and digestive diseases in vertebrates.
The recent pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2, is taking a heavy toll on society and planetary
health, and illustrates the threat emerging coronaviruses can pose to
the wellbeing of humans and other animals. Coronaviruses are constantly
evolving, crossing host species barriers, and expanding their host
range. In the last few decades, several novel coronaviruses have emerged
in humans and domestic animals. Novel coronaviruses have also been
discovered in captive wildlife or wild populations, raising conservation
concerns. The evolution and emergence of novel viruses is enabled by
frequent cross-species transmission. It is thus crucial to determine
emerging coronaviruses' potential for infecting different host species,
and to identify the circumstances under which cross-species transmission
occurs in order to mitigate the rate of disease emergence. Here, I
review (broadly across several mammalian host species) up-to-date
knowledge of host range and circumstances concerning reported
cross-species transmission events of emerging coronaviruses in humans
and common domestic mammals. All of these coronaviruses had similar host
ranges, were closely related (indicative of rapid diversification and
spread), and their emergence was likely associated with
high-host-density environments facilitating multi-species interactions
(e.g., shelters, farms, and markets) and the health or wellbeing of
animals as end- and/or intermediate spillover hosts. Further research is
needed to identify mechanisms of the cross-species transmission events
that have ultimately led to a surge of emerging coronaviruses in
multiple species in a relatively short period of time in a world
undergoing rapid environmental change.%
\end{abstract}%



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