Umbilical cord troubles
Abnormal FHR on admission
Abnormal FHR on admission
Abnormal FHR on admission
Abnormal FHR during labor
Abnormal FHR during labor
Abnormal FHR during labor
Abnormal FHR during labor
Abnormal FHR during labor
Persistently reassuring throughout labor (P-R)
P-Brady P-NR 1st stage 2nd stage Hon R-PD
Umbilical cord prolapse (n = 32) 4 (13%) 100% 0% 28 (88%) 96% 4% 21% 79% 0 (0%)
Marginal insertion (n = 33) 10 (30%) 20% 80% 21 (64%) 95% 5% 33% 67% 2 (6%)
Velamentous insertion (n = 10) 4 (40%) 0% 100% 4 (40%) 75% 25% 75% 25% 2 (20%)
Multiple cord entanglements (n = 28) 10 (36%) 20% 80% 13 (46%) 69% 31% 54% 46% 5 (18%)
True knots (n = 5) 3 (60%) 0% 100% 1 (20%) 100% 0% 0% 100% 1 (20%)
Cord constriction (n = 18) 7 (39%) 29% 71% 10 (56%) 100% 0% 20% 80% 1 (6%)
Hyper-coiled cord (n = 20) 14 (70%) 0% 100% 6 (30%) 83% 17% 0% 100% 0 (0%)
Hypo-coiled cord (n = 3) 1 (33%) 0% 100% 2 (67%) 100% 0% 0% 100% 0 (0%)
Single umbilical artery (n = 7) 2 (29%) 0% 100% 4 (57%) 100% 0% 0% 100% 1 (14%)