Virus Date emergence and clinical manifestations Primary cell receptor Tissue expression of receptor Receptors and co factors augmenting viral entry Ref
HCoV-229E
1965 URTI, common cold
APN (CD13)
Renal and GI epithelia, synaptic membranes, pericytes, myeloid cells, fibroblast like cells. neurons
TMPRSS2 TMPRSS11D
(1,2,4)
HCoV-OC43
1967 URTI, common cold
9-O-acetylated sialic acid
Human epithelial cells, neurons
IFIT2/IFIT3 HLA-1
(4–6)
SARS-CoV
2002 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
ACE2
Respiratory, intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, renal tubules, cerebral neurons, alveolar macrophages, DCs
cathepsin L, TMPRSS2/11D DC-SIGN (CD206), DC-SIGNR
(7,8)
HCoV-NL63
2004 Bronchitis URI, common cold
ACE-2
Pneumocytes, intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, renal tubules, cerebral neurons, alveolar macrophages, DCs
heparan sulphate proteoglycans
(9)
HCoV-HKU1
2005 Pneumonia Common in children
9-O-acetylated sialic acid
human alveolar type II cells
HLA-C
(10)
MERS-CoV
2012 SARS
DPP4 (CD26)
Intestinal, alveolar, renal, hepatic and prostate cells activated leukocytes
furin
(11)
SARS-CoV-2
2019 SARS, Severe disease associated with ageing and comorbidities
ACE2
Respiratory, intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, renal tubules, cerebral neurons, alveolar macrophages, DCs
furin TMPRSS2
(3)