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\begin{document}

\title{High quality sustainable development of soil and water conservation
vegetation}



\author[1]{zhongsheng guo}%
\author[2]{Dandan Chen}%
\author[3]{Ting Ning}%
\author[3]{wenwen zhang}%
\affil[1]{institute of soil and water conservation}%
\affil[2]{Institute of Soil and Water Conservation CAS \& MWR}%
\affil[3]{Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


\begingroup
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The effect of vegetation on soil and water conservation increases with
the increase of planting density. At the same time, the degree of soil
drought increases with the increase of planting density, and leads to
the decline of vegetation or waste resources and then affects the
benefit of vegetation on soil and water conservation. However, there is
a few research of high-quality sustainable management of easier degraded
soil and water conservation vegetation ecosystems. In this paper, the
high-quality sustainable management of soil and water conservation
vegetation was reviewed. The results showed that the degree of cover of
soil and water conservation vegetation increases with increasing density
under other things being equal; the canopy interception increases with
stand density but there is a peak value of canopy interception. The
surface runoff decreases with increasing density with a logarithm
relationship; the sediment charge in the runoff increases with reducing
density with a logistic relation. There is a limit of soil and water
conservation vegetation, which is the cover degree of soil and water
conservation vegetation when the existing plant density of indicator
species in a plant community is equal to vegetation carrying capacity.
When plant density of indicator species in a plant community is more
than vegetation carrying capacity, the cover degree of soil and water
conservation vegetation is more than the vegetation restoration limit of
soil and water conservation vegetation, the plant resources relationship
should be regulated based on vegetation carrying capacity to realize
high-quality sustainable management of soil and water conservation
vegetation.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


High quality sustainable development of soil and water conservation
vegetation

Zhongsheng Guo*\textsuperscript{1,2} , Dandan Chen\textsuperscript{2},
Ting Ning\textsuperscript{2}, Wenwen Zhang\textsuperscript{2}

1. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwestern A \& F
University, Yangling, China 2. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,
Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling,
China

26 Xinong Road,

Yangling,

Shaanxi Province

712100,

P. R. China

Corresponding Author: zhongshenguo@sohu.com

Tel. +86-29-87012411

Fax. +86-29-8701-2210

Abstract: The effect of vegetation on soil and water conservation
increases with the increase of planting density. At the same time, the
degree of soil drought increases with the increase of planting density,
and leads to the decline of vegetation or waste resources and then
affects the benefit of vegetation on soil and water conservation.
However, there is a few research of high-quality sustainable management
of easier degraded soil and water conservation vegetation ecosystems. In
this paper, the high-quality sustainable management of soil and water
conservation vegetation was reviewed. The results showed that the degree
of cover of soil and water conservation vegetation increases with
increasing density under other things being equal; the canopy
interception increases with stand density but there is a peak value of
canopy interception. The surface runoff decreases with increasing
density with a logarithm relationship; the sediment charge in the runoff
increases with reducing density with a logistic relation. There is a
limit of soil and water conservation vegetation, which is the cover
degree of soil and water conservation vegetation when the existing plant
density of indicator species in a plant community is equal to vegetation
carrying capacity. When plant density of indicator species in a plant
community is more than vegetation carrying capacity, the cover degree of
soil and water conservation vegetation is more than the vegetation
restoration limit of soil and water conservation vegetation, the plant
resources relationship should be regulated based on vegetation carrying
capacity to realize high-quality sustainable management of soil and
water conservation vegetation.

Keywords: soil and water conservation vegetation; planting density;
degree of cover; resource use limit by plants; vegetation carrying
capacity; vegetation rehabilitation limit; high-quality sustainable
management

\textbf{Introduction}

Water resources and soil resources is the most important nature
resources, which severe influence the high-quality sustainable
development of economy and society (Guo 2020,2021). Water and soil
losses are one of the most severe environmental problems worldwide (Wen
et al 2019). Among the various practices in water and soil conservation,
forest restoration has usually been regarded as critical and effective
(Yetemen et al., 2010). High-quality sustainable management of forest
vegetation ecosystems had been proven necessary for the protection of
regional ecological environments and for the improvement of sustainable
development in the society and economy. It is important to consider the
balance between resources consumption and resources supply in the course
of forest vegetation restoration (Guo 2021a and b).

Once with the soil water loss regions population increasing such as on
Loess Plateau, China, the human activities of reclamation, forest
denudation, overgrazing and civil wars became frequent, which caused the
decline in the density of natural plant populations (Metcalfe and Kunin
2006), the disappearance of indigenous vegetation was leading to the
quick decrease of vegetation cover (Guo 2000a and b) and forest area
rate (Guo 1996), and the ability of forest vegetation to keep ecological
balance. This in turn has resulted in serious soil and water loss. In
order to improve the ecological environment and promote healthy
development of regional economy, large-scale afforestation has been
carried out. However, for the sake of high yield and high return, tree
species with deep roots and fast growth have been selected and planted
at initially high planting densities such as on the Loess Plateau, plant
take up water from considerable soil depths. Because most of Loess
Plateau belongs to water-limited regions and the water supply was
limited, these issues such as lower survival rate of afforestation,
lower preserving rate, lower yield, lower ecologic and economic benefit
were caused in the process of vegetation restoration (Jiang 1997; Yang
\& Shao 2000; Li 2001; Yang 1996; Hou et al 1999).Moreover, soil
deterioration occurred on the Loess Plateau in the form of soil
desiccation under both perennial grasses and forests (Li 2001; Yang
1996; Hou et al.1999; Li et al.1990; Wang et al. 2000; Chen et al.
2005). Such soil deterioration directly affected the stability of plant
community and reduced the soil and water benefits of forest vegetation.
So we should manage soil and water conservation vegetation in the way of
high quality sustainable to get maximal soil and water conservation
beneficial and match the People's yearning for a better life and the
need for soil and water conservation(Guo 2021b)

\textbf{Resource use limit by plants}

Generally, as plant grow, plant suck and use resource, and then resource
amount reduces because the resource amount in a given space in which
plant crown or plant root develop is limit. Therefore, there is a
resource use limit by plants in soil and water conservation vegetation,
expressed by the indicator species in a plant or population community,
and resource use limit by plants can be defined as control amount of
plant utilization resources such as soil water resources use limit by
plant. For example, soil water is the most important factor influencing
and limiting plant growth in water-limited regions. After soil water
resources appeared (Budagovski 1986), soil water resources can be used
to express soil water condition because root system vertical distribute
in the soil and take soil water in a given soil body, see figure 1.
Two-curve method can be used to determine maximum infiltration depth
(MID) (Guo 2020), see figure 2. The utilization limit of soil water
resources by plants refers to the soil water resources with the maximum
infiltration depth when the soil water content is equal to the wilting
coefficient. Soil water resources use limit by plant changes with
species and site condition (Guo 2014). The utilization limit of plants
to soil water resources is the control limit plant use soil water in
water-limited regions, which change with plant species and location. For
example, soil water resources use limit by plant in the 16-years-old
Caragana (\emph{Caragana Korshinskii} ) shrub land in the fish scale pit
on the top of Heici mountain is 252.8mm, see table 1. And soil water
resource use limit by plants in caragana shrub land in the middle of the
Heici mountain is 222.8mm, see table 2. The soil water resource use
limit by plants in red plum apricot plantation is 212.7 mm in the
semiarid loess hilly region (Guyuan county, China).

The soil water contents at different soil suctions using a centrifuge or
pressure chamber, were measured and established the characteristic soil
moisture curve using least square method. And then estimate the wilting
coefficient at different soil depths. The wilting coefficient is the
soil water content when soil suctions equal 15bar based on the
characteristic soil moisture curve at different soil depth, see figure
3. As plant grow, soil water resource reduces (Guo
2010,2014,2020,2021b).

Indicator species is the main cultivation or goal species for artificial
vegetation such as caragana in caragana shrubland. If soil and water
conservation vegetation is made up 2 or three plant species, the
indicator plant is the dominant tree species or the main tree species
with large coverage in mixed forest. The resource use limit by plants
includes space resource use limit by plants in areas rich in water and
fertilizer, soil water resource use limit by plants in the water-limited
regions (Guo 2010; Guo 2014,2021a and b) and soil fertilizer resource
use limit by plants in the fertilizer -limited regions (Guo 2021b).

\textbf{Appropriate time of plant- resources relationship regulation}

After planting weather planting or sowing, as plant grow, the available
resources reduced. For example, the suitable sowing rate of Caragana
young forest is 1.5kg/100m\textsuperscript{2}, and the suitable density
is 6500 plants / 100m\textsuperscript{2} in the semiarid loess hilly
region. As the caragana plant grows, soil water content in the maximal
infiltration depth of 290 cm reduces, and soil desiccation has been
emerged in perennial non-native shrubland. When caragana is at 5-years
old on Jun.15, 2006, soil water resources in the maximal infiltration
depth of 290 cm are smaller than 222.8mm, showing that the plant-water
relation enters the critical period of plant-water relationship
regulation and regulation of plant water relationship should be
considered, see figure 5.

\textbf{Appropriate amount of plant-resources relationship regulation}

Plant growth and resource availability relationship can be divided into
different stages. For example, caranaga growth and resource use
relationship can be divided into four stages in a growing season in
semiarid loess hilly region of water-limited regions (Guyuan, China).
The first stage is at the dormant period from January 1st to the second
ten of April. At this period, plants are dormant and not sensitive to
water stress because plant stop growth. The second stage is the period
from the second ten of April (caragana bud germination) to the end of
Jun. (full-expansion of leaf) and the plant was not sensitive to water
stress at this stage because the leaves of plants are not fully
developed, and Caragana only absorbs a small amount of water; The third
stage started is at the fast growth period from the end of June when the
leaves were totally expansion to the end of August. At this stage,plant
grow rapidly and need a lot of water. At this stage, plant suck much
water and was very sensitive to soil moisture in this period. If the
soil water resources in the maximal infiltration depth are lower than
soil water resource use limit by plants, the plant-water relation goes
into critical period of plant-water relationship regulation. At this
time, the plant water relationship in the key period of plant water
relationship regulation is very important, because it determines the
maximum yield and benefit of a plant community. The fourth stage is leaf
fall period, ranging from September to the end of October (complete leaf
drop), the plant was insensitive to water stress. After the leaf fall
period from November (the beginning of dormancy) to the first ten of
April (the end of dormancy), the plant-water relation goes into the
dormant period and the influence of soil moisture on plant growth was
very little in this period.

\textbf{Planting density anddegree of cover relation}

The degree of vegetative cover is an important index to evaluate the
function of a plant community to conserve soil and water. The effective
degree of cover is the degree of vegetative cover when soil loss is
equal to allowable soil loss, so effective degree of cover should be as
the cultivating standard of adult soil and water conservation vegetation
or forest (Guo 2000). The degree of cover increased gradually with age
at the same condition of species, initially planting density and site
condition. In a growing season of a given species and site condition,
the degree of cover in a plant community increased gradually from
budding in mid-April to the fully expansion of leaf by the end of June.
The degree of cover then remained relatively constant in the period from
July to October, the degree of cover can be defined as the stable
coverage degree (SCD).

The degree of cover increased with the planting density, and the
relationship between the stable cover degree (SCD) and planting density
at the third ten of July was given by (Guo and Shao, 2013), see figure 4

SCD = 0.2895 Ln (PD) -- 1.8197

Where, SCD is stable cover degree and PD is planting density.

\textbf{Planting density and canopy interception relation}

Canopy interception is the rainwater intercepted and absorbed by the
leaves and branches. As for a rain event, the canopy interception
increased with rainfall when the rainfall is smaller, the relationship
between them is not a linear. Because there is a saturation value of the
canopy interception, canopy interception cannot increase with rainfall
when the canopy interception approximates the saturation value. Caragana
is deciduous and the canopy interception can be ignored as the value is
very small during the period of dormancy stage from October through
December to April. So the canopy interception is mainly occurred during
May to October. The canopy interception and interception rate in dense
caragana shrublands with 87 shrubs per 100m\textsuperscript{2} is higher
than that in low planting density in 2002. Under the same species, site,
gradient, slope position and slope direction, the quantity of branches
and leaves per unit ground area is also increased with an increasing
plant density, and thus canopy interception is also increased. The
relationship between canopy interception of a rain event in a plot (CI)
and planting density (PD) was found to be (Guo \& Shao, 2004,2013; Guo
2014,2020):

CI = 0.0158PD\textsuperscript{0.6601}

\subsubsection*{Where, CI is canopy interception in mm and PD is planting
density.}

{\label{where-ci-is-canopy-interception-in-mm-and-pd-is-planting-density.}}

\textbf{Surface runoff and planting density relationship}

The surface runoff, runoff production in slope, is related to the soil
infiltration. On raining, the soil evaporation is too small to neglect
due to the relatively low temperatures, greater air humidity and lower
air vapor pressure deficit near the ground. Thus, the rainwater that
reaches the soil surface through forest canopies infiltrate into the
soil or run off as overland flow. In the period from April, 2002 to
October, 2003, there were many greater rain events, but there were only
five rain events generated runoff in our plots because of the gentle
terrain, small rainfall intensity, higher planting density and higher
cover degree of Caragana shrublands and the runoff amount ranged from to
. The equation describing the relationship between surface runoff SR and
precipitation outside caragana forest P\textsubscript{2} was found to be
(Guo \& Shao 2004,2013), see table 3

SR = 0.01P\textsubscript{2}+ 0.1765

The runoff in Loess Plateau, China normally is infiltration-excess
runoff production and it occurred when the rainfall intensity exceeds
the infiltration rate (Guo and Shao 2013). Because vegetation cover can
increase surface roughness and vegetation canopy interception reduce the
kinetic energy of raindrops impacting the soil surface and the degree of
aggregate breakdown and compaction causing surface sealing. The barrier
effect of standing forest on runoff can increases the surface runoff
resistance, thus vegetation reduces velocity of the surface runoff and
increases the rainfall infiltration.

The surface runoff declined with increasing planting density, which is
consistent with the reported by Zhang et. al. (2002). The relationship
between surface runoff R and planting density PD can be can be written
as follows (Guo \& Shao 2013), see table 4

R = 78.454 -- 16.899Ln (PD)

Where, R is surface runoff and PD is planting density

\textbf{Planting density and soil loss relationship}

The main type of soil erosion in Chinese Loess Plateau is water erosion.
The influence of planting density on soil losses can be expressed by the
sediment concentrations in the runoff plots. The sediment in the runoff
gradually increased with the reduction of planting density. The
relationship between the sediment concentration SC (gram per liter) in
the surface runoff and planting density D can be written as follow:

SC =

Here, SC sediment concentration, g per liter, d is plant density, shrubs
per 100 m\textsuperscript{2}

Under the same species, age and site condition, the biomass, the canopy
coverage and the canopy interception per unit area increased with
planting density, leading to a smaller surface runoff, suggesting that
the benefit of vegetation to conserve soil and water is remarkable (Guo
and Shao 2013).

\textbf{Appropriate amount of plant-} \textbf{resources relationship
regulation}

The duration of resource scarcity refers to the period when the resource
storage is less than resource use limit by plants. If the resource
storage is smaller than resource use limit by plants, the plant-
resource relation goes into critical period of plant- resource
relationship regulation, the plant- resource relation enters the
critical period of plant-water relationship regulation; the plant-
resource relation should be considered because it decides the maximal
yield and benefits of soil and water conservation vegetation.

After the plant-resources relation enters the critical period of plant-
resources relationship regulation, if the duration of resource scarcity
is more than the critical period of plant resources relationship
regulation or the existing plant density is more than the vegetation
carrying capacity in the critical period of plant resources relationship
regulation, vegetation carrying capacity should be evaluated and plant
growth should be controlled by cutting some tree to reduce plant density
and regulating plant-resources relationship and get the maximal yield or
service.

The vegetation carrying capacity is the ability of land resources to
bear vegetation, which changes with vegetation type caused by tree
species, time period and location (Guo 2014,2021a and b) and is a
suitable measure of assessing the plant-resources relationship.
vegetation carrying capacity includes space carrying capacity for
vegetation in areas rich in water and fertilizer, soil water carrying
capacity for vegetation in water-limited regions and soil fertilizer
carrying capacity for vegetation in fertilizer limited regions (Guo
2019). Total coverage of a plant community when plant density of
indicator species in a plant community is equal to vegetation carrying
capacity is the suitable limit of vegetation restoration.

If the plant density is more than the soil water carrying capacity for
vegetation in the critical period of plant-resources relationship
regulation, plant-resources relationship has to be regulated to get the
maximal yield and benefits and carry out sustainable use of soil water
resources and high-quality and sustainable development (Guo 2014,2021b).
Even if the goods and benefits produced by non-native ecosystem meet the
need of increase in the population, but non-native species change
plant-resources relationship of origin vegetation and its
self-regulation and resilience is limit and cannot recover to the
balance condition once soil water resources with maximum infiltration
depth in Caragana forest land is smaller than soil water resources use
limit by plants. For example, If the soil water resources in the maximal
infiltration depth is more than soil water resources use limit by plant,
the plant water relation enters the critical period of plant-water
relationship regulation. The soil water sever deficit is the soil water
resources in the maximal infiltration depth is more than soil water
resources use limit by plant. If the duration of soil water sever
deficit is more than critical period of plant-water relationship
regulation, the relationship between soil water supply or soil water
consumption and plant density and soil water carrying capacity for
vegetation in the critical period of plant-water relationship regulation
should be estimated. The relationship between planting density and soil
water supply SWS, soil water consumption SWC, the amount of water taken
up by the plants in the critical period of plant-water relationship
regulation in the 16-year-old caragana shrubland of semiarid loess hilly
region (Guo and Shao 2004; Guo 2014,2021) was determined by:

SWS = 92.494- 0. 29D

SWC = 0. 0118D\textsuperscript{2}- 0. 7575D+ 64.759

Where SWS is soil water supply in mm, SWC is soil water consumption in
mm.

By solving the equation set, the soil water carrying capacity for
vegetation was 72 shrubs per hm\textsuperscript{2}, and the
corresponding cover degree was 0.8 according to the formula:CD= 0.289
5ln72- 0.486 4. The degree of cover is the limit of canaraga
restoration. When exceeding this limit, the canaraga shrubland would
deteriorate soil water environment, and soil desiccation will be emerged
or aggravated, soil degradation and vegetation decline will happen,
which in turn influence benefits of water and soil conservation of
forest vegetation.

\textbf{Discussions}

Before restoring soil and water conservation vegetation, Excellent tree
species are preferred for soil and water conservation vegetation (Guo et
al, 1990) and then appropriate sowing rate and planting density shall be
adopted (Guo 2014). After sowing or planting, with plant grow, resources
reduce, and then degree of cover increases with the increase of planting
densities, basal diameter, surface runoff and the sediment concentration
declined, but the canopy coverage and interception increased. The
planting density was linear related to basal diameter, logarithm
relevant to degree of cover and surface runoff, and exponentially
related to canopy interception. The relationship between sediment
concentrations in runoff and planting density can be described by an
``inverse-S shape'' curve. Though the dense planting density can
increase degree of cover and thus increase benefits of water and soil
conservation forestor vegetation, the restoration of artificial forest
vegetation should have a maximum limit due to the limited water
resource. For example, the limit is the cover degree of 2002 in caragana
shrubland in the semiarid loess hilly region of the water-limited region
(Guo and Shao 2013; Guo 2021a and b).

With increase in planting density, the degree of canopies' cover and the
precipitation intercepted by the canopies increase, but the runoff and
sediment concentration decline, the benefit of forest vegetation for
soil and water conservation is more obvious (Liu et al. 2008).Under the
same rainfall, rainfall intensity and rain even duration condition, with
increase in planting density, the rainwater intercept by the forest
canopies and water loss increase, the evaporation and transpiration
increases at the same time, and then soil consumption increase, soil
water supply reduces, which lead to serious soil degradation in the form
of soil desiccation in the woodland and vegetation degradation. It is
hostile to the heath and stability of forest vegetation ecosystem, but
the heath and stability of the ecosystem is the foundation to maintain
sustainable and stable ecological benefit. So, in the long-term, there
should be a balance between water supply and consumption in the process
of forest vegetation restoration. The planting density of indicator
plant, such as Caragana in this study at the balance point was called
soil water carrying capacity for vegetation (Guo 2014,2021a and b). The
cover degree of forest vegetation at the point was the maximum degree of
restoration. It should be drafted as the basis for determining the
target of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation. The maximum
yield and benefits of soil and water conservation is the rational
maximum yield and benefits of soil and water conservation when plant
density is equal to soil water carry capacity for vegetation in the
critical period of plant-water relationship regulation. If the
plant-water relation goes into critical period of plant-water
relationship regulation and planting density is more than the vegetation
carrying capacity, then the degree of restoration exceeded the limit,
more production and more soil and water conservation may be obtained
temporarily at the expense of environment, which caused soil degradation
in form of excessive soil drying under both perennial grasses and
forests and finally lead to desertification in dry years or soil water
resources waste in wet years, which did not correspond with strategy of
high-quality and sustainable development, so we should ensure the cover
degree of soil and water conservation meets the requirement of 60\% of
the construction standard of Soil and water conservation in Spring (Guo
1996), and then investigate the soil water condition and plant growth.
Once soil water resources within maximum infiltration depth of the
forest land is lower than soil water resources use limit by plants. Soil
water influence plant growth and soil and water conservation. The
relationship between soil water supply or soil water consumption and
plant density and soil water carrying capacity for vegetation in the
critical period of plant-water relationship regulation was estimated.
The condition of caragana growth in the critical period of plant-water
relationship regulation decide the benefits of soil and water
conservation in the whole growing season. The soil water carry capacity
for vegetation change with vegetation type, period and location (Guo
2014,2021a and b). If the plant density is more than soil water carry
capacity for vegetation in the critical period of plant-water
relationship regulation, we must regulate plant-water relationship be
reducing the density and give full play to the maximum benefit of soil
and water conservation forest to ensure sustainable use of soil water
resources and the high-quality and sustainable development of soil and
water conservation vegetation in water-limited regions.

\textbf{Conclusions}

Along with time going by, plant growth, the plant-resources relation
should be considered. In a growing season, as plant grows, plant growth
goes into the fast growth stage, the leaves were totally expansion and
the plant-resources relation may goes into the critical period of plant-
resources relationship regulation If the available resources are lower
than resource use limit by plants (Guo 2021a and 2021b). Plant was very
sensitive to resources storage in this period. If the duration of
resource scarcity is more than the critical period of plant- resources
relationship regulation or plant density is more than soil water
carrying capacity, showing that resource shortage is serious and serious
influence soil and water conservation vegetation restoration and the
plant-resources relation must be regulated by cutting some trees and
reduce plant density in this stage based on vegetation carry capacity to
realize high-quality and sustainable development of soil and water
conservation vegetation.

In view of the important of the potential of soil and water conservation
vegetation restoration in the process of high-quality development and
soil and water conservation vegetation restoration is close related with
vegetation carrying capacity and vegetation carrying capacity change
with forest age because precipitation change with years (Guo 2014) and
vegetation types and location, we should strengthen the studies of the
plant-resources relationship and decide vegetation carrying capacity and
the limit of forest vegetation restoration at different years in order
to promote the high-quality sustainable management of soil and water
conservation vegetation and get maximal soil and water conservation
beneficial to match the People's yearning for a better life and the need
for soil and water conservation(Guo 2020,2021a and b).

\textbf{Acknowledgements}

Thank to two anonymous reviewers and david Warrington for theirs help in
revising the paper

\textbf{Contributors' statement}

Zhongsheng Guo wrote the paper. Dandan Chen, Ting Ning and Wenwen Zhang
collected and analyzed these data

\textbf{Funding statement}

This study was supported by the National Science Fund of China (Project
No. 41071193, 41271539), and Innovation Project of Soil and Water
Conservation Research Institute, CAS(A2180021002).

\textbf{Competing interests statement}

There is no conflict of interest.

\textbf{Data availability statement}

The data underlying this article are available in the article and in its
online supplementary material.

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