Lopinavir/ritonavir
|
Protease inhibitors (antiviral)
|
HIV-1
|
Inhibition of protease by preventing the cleavage of Gag-pol
polyproteins.
|
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrheoa
Anemia
Hyperlipidaemia,
ALT elevation
Impaired cognition/memory
Insomnia
|
On-going for SARS and
COVID-19
(ChiCTR2000029539)
|
Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine
|
Antimalarials
|
Malaria
Autoimmune diseases
|
Suppression of cytokine (TNF, IL, IFN) production/release.
Inhibition of viral replication.
|
Gastrointestinal upset
Generalized pustular rash Urticaria,
Erythroderma
Macular retinopathy
Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmias
QT interval prolongation.
Dizziness
Tinnitus,
Headaches
Nightmares
|
On-going for COVID-19.
ChiCTR2000029609
(ICTPR);
EUCTR2020-001406-27-FR
|
Remdesvir
|
Phosphoraramidate nucleotide (antiviral).
|
Under trial for Ebola.
|
Inhibition of RdRp causing premature termination of viral RNA
transcription.
|
Will likely emerge as clinical trials unfold.
|
In phase II clinical trial for Ebola
(NCT03719586);
In phase III clinical trials for COVID-19 (NCT04252664)
|
Favipiravir
|
Viral polymerase inhibitior
|
Influenza strains unresponsive to current antivirals.
|
Inhibition the RdRp of influenza virus (polymerase basic 1
transcriptase) thereby interfering with the viral replication.
|
Diarhhoea
Teratogenicity
Increased serum uric acid levels
Increased levels of transaminases
Reduced neutrophil counts
|
In clinical trial for COVID-19.
(ChiCTR2000029548)
|
Darunavir
|
Viral Protease inhibitor
|
HIV -1 Infection
|
Inhibition of protease by preventing the cleavage of Gag-pol
polyproteins.
|
Blurred vision
Sweating,
Myalgia
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Jaundice
Facial puffiness
Difficulty in breathing
Vomiting
Tachycardia
|
On-going (NCT04304053)
|
Umifenovir
|
Antiviral
|
Influenza
|
It binds directly to influenza haemagglutinin (HA) and inhibit its
ability to transit to an activated conformation. It also impairs fusion
by intercalation into the viral or target membrane, thereby rendering
the membrane less yielding for fusion.
|
Hypersensitivity in children
|
Recruiting stage of clinical trial.
NCT04273763
|
Interferon
|
Immunomodulatory (Antiviral)
|
Multiple sclerosis.
Hepatitis B and C virus infections.
HPV
Kaposi sarcoma.
|
Inhibition of the activation of autophagy-inducing kinase, AMPK in
viruses.
It also activates macrophages that engulf antigens and natural killer
cells (an immune T-cells).
|
Fever
Myalgia
Hepatopathy
Difficulty in breathing
Anaphylactic reactions
Depression
Suicidal ideation
|
In clinical trial for COVID-19
PER-010-20
|
Methylprednisolone
|
Anti-inflammatory.
Immunomodulatory.
|
Asthma.
Vitiligo.
Scleroderma
Adrenal insufficiency.
Nephrotic syndrome.
Autoimmune cytopenia.
|
Binds to and activates specific receptors, resulting in altered gene
expression and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
|
Cataract
Glaucoma
Hypertension
Peptic ulcer disease
Pancreatitis
Hyperglycaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Metabolic acidosis
Growth suppression
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
|
On-going
NCT04263402
|
Tocilizumab
|
Immunomodulator.
Anti-inflammatory.
|
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Non-infectious uveitis.
|
Inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6) binding to both membrane-bound and
soluble receptors (IL-6R) in the system resulting in immunomodulation
and anti-inflammation
|
Upper respiratory tract infections.
Elevated liver enzymes.
Hypercholestrolaemia
Gastritis
Mouth ulcers
Gastro-intestinal perforation.
|
On-going.
EUCTR2020-001442-19-ES
|