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\begin{document}

\title{Desiccation limits recruitment in the pleometrotic desert seed-harvester
ant \emph{Veromessor pergandei}}



\author[1]{Robert Johnson}%
\affil[1]{Arizona State University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 13, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The desert harvester ant Veromessor pergandei displays geographic
variation in colony founding with queens initiating nests singly
(haplometrosis) or in groups (pleometrosis). The transition from haplo-
to pleometroic founding is associated with lower rainfall. Numerous
hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of cooperative
founding in this species, but the ultimate explanation remains
unanswered. In laboratory experiments, water level was positively
associated with survival, condition, and brood production by single
queens. Queen survival also was positively influenced by water level and
queen number in a two-factor experiment. Water level also was a
significant effect for three measures of queen condition, but queen
number was not significant for any measure. Foundress queens excavated
after two weeks of desiccating conditions were dehydrated compared to
alate queens captured from their natal colony, indicating that
desiccation can be a source of queen mortality. Long-term monitoring in
central Arizona, USA, documented that recruitment only occurred in 4 of
20 years. A discriminant analysis using rainfall as a predictor of
recruitment correctly predicted recruitment in 17 of 20 years for total
rainfall from January--June (the period for mating flights and
establishment) and in 19 of 20 years for early plus late rainfall
(January--March and April--June, respectively), often with a posterior
probability \textgreater{} 0.90. Moreover, recruitment occurred only in
years in which both early and late rainfall exceeded the long-term mean.
This result also was supported by the discriminant analysis predicting
no recruitment when long-term mean early and late rainfall were included
as ungrouped periods. These data suggest that pleometrosis in V.
pergandei evolved to enhance colony survival in areas with harsh abiotic
(desiccating) conditions, facilitating colonization of habitats in which
solitary queens could not establish even in wet years. This
favorable-year hypothesis supports enhanced worker production as the
primary advantage of pleometrosis.%
\end{abstract}%



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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-3---Moisture-and-queen-grouping-withough-mass-loss-data/Figure-3---Moisture-and-queen-grouping-withough-mass-loss-data}

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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-4---wet-and-dry-mass,-water-content-alates-and-foundresses/Figure-4---wet-and-dry-mass,-water-content-alates-and-foundresses}

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