Patten of trade at live pig markets: Apart from Numan and Katsit pig markets, there are no holding pens in all the 3 other LPMs. Pigs are kept under trees on the bare ground which is not cemented and they tethered to pegs very close to each other (Fig 3A-B). Although at Katsit LPM there is a private withhold facility, within the market, there are no pens. The traders transport their pigs in trucks, vans, and motorcycles to the LPMs. The pigs are collected from different communities or villages close to the markets. Pigs are bought based on physical appearance and size without weighting. There were no pre-entry antemortem inspections before pigs were allowed into the market’ sites. Although, inside the LPMs antemortem inspection is usually carried by traders to rule out porcine cysticercosis by examination of the tongue of pigs before any transaction. All the four pig markets in this study were fenced, but the perimeter fencing of Dawaki and Katsit were partial, free-roaming pigs or dogs were observed at the two markets. Another observation is the washing of transport vehicles within the premises of the markets. Further observation is the slaughtering of moribund pigs in the premises of the market sites (Fig 3D). Other observations include free movement of slaughter slab operators between the slaughter slabs and the market area where live pigs are kept. Pigs are slaughtered on every market day and sales of pork were observed at all live pig market sites. Pigs showing clinical signs suggestive of ASF were observed at three LPMs (Dawaki, Katsit, Pandam) cyanotic skin and ASFV genome was detected by PCR in samples collected from some of these pigs (Fig 3C).