Categories Synthesized methods Advantages Disadvantages References
Li-Si
fusion reaction method; electrochemical lithiation method; mechanical ball milling method
superior high gravimetric capacity (Li21Si5:1967 mA·h·g−1); low potential of around 10 mV versus Li/Li+
great volume expansion; poor reversibility; difficult to realize electrochemical lithiation into practical application; high overpotential for Li metal nucleation
[39] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [84]
Li-Sn
fusion reaction method; electrodeposition method; surface chemical treatment method
high gravimetric capacity (Li22Sn5: 991 mA·h·g−1); strong affinity towards metallic Li; small interface impedance and fast lithium ion diffusion
great volume expansion; poor reversibility; high overpotential for Li metal nucleation
[39] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [59] [84]
Li-Ge electrochemical lithiation method high gravimetric capacity (Li17Ge4: 1568 mA·h·g−1); faster lithium diffusivity at room temperature great volume expansion, poor reversibility, high cost of Ge [48]
Li-B
fusion reaction method
Porous structure for accommodating Li deposition; good conductivity (1.43×103−1· cm−1); a high Li ion diffusion rate
easily porosity blocking and structure collapse, low hardness
[64] [65]
Li-Al
magnetron sputtering; fusion reaction method; electrochemical lithiation method
higher stability in the air and electrolyte; smaller volume change; lighter; working in high temperature (i.e. 450 °C)
moderate gravimetric capacity (550 mA·h·g−1); a very narrow range of composition; phase transformations during cycling, easily disintegrate or degrade; observable overpotential for Li nucleation
[39] [42] [58] [60] [61] [62] [63] [84]
Li-In
electroless plating method; electrochemical lithiation method
high electropositivity of lithium relative to indium; a constant redox potential of about 0.6 V vs. Li+/Li (0.5 V at 415 °C); minimal capacity fade
high cost
[66] [67]
Li-Bi electrochemical lithiation method high volumetric capacity (LiB3: 1760 mA·h·cm−3); working in high temperature (> 380 °C) low gravimetric capacity (LiB3: 386 mA·h·g−1) [34] [68] [69]
Li-Sb
electrolysis of liquid antimony with melting salt; electrochemical lithiation method high volumetric capacity (Li3Sb:1890 mA·h·cm−3); working in high temperature (> 350 °C)
great volume expansion, poor reversibility; toxic; complex synthesis method; moderate gravimetric capacity (Li3Sb: 660 mA·h·g−1)
[43] [34] [68] [69] [71]
Li-Na fusion reaction method not sacrifice the specific capacity because Li and Na metals exhibit similar reaction activities; good electrostatic shield effect great volume expansion; high reactivity in electrolyte; [73] [74] [85]
Li-Mg fusion reaction method high Li-ion diffusion coefficient; high gravimetric capacity (2690 mA·h·g−1 for the Mg-70 wt% Li alloy); lighter; zero overpotential covered with an oxide layer resulting in poor Li kinetic behaviors [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [84]
Li-Zn electrochemical deposition method; fusion reaction method smaller volume expansion; good lithiophilic property to adjust even Li deposition; eliminating nucleation barriers low gravimetric capacity (355 mA·h·g−1); [81] [82] [83] [84] [98]
Li-Au electrochemical lithiation method less structure change; zero overpotential; eliminating the nucleation barriers high cost [84]
Li-Ag electrochemical lithiation method; fusion reaction method less structure change; zero overpotential; eliminating the nucleation barriers high cost [99] [83]
LixCuP fusion reaction method good cycling stability low gravimetric capacity (Li0.25CuP : 430 mA·h·g−1); complex synthesize method: N2 flow at 780 °C for 5 days [96]
Li4.4GexSi1-x ball-milling method Increasing lithium ions accommodation in the alloy, good charge–discharge reversibility low gravimetric capacity (Li4.4Ge0.67Si0.33: 190 mA·h·g−1) [88]
Li-Cu-Sb
ball milling method, electrochemical lithiation method
good cycling stability; good electronic conductivity
low gravimetric capacity (Li2CuSb: 290 mA·h·g−1)
[87] [36]
LiAl1-xZnx fusion reaction method high theoretical capacities complex synthesize condition: Ar atmosphere and very high temperature (900 °C) [95]
Li2MgSi ball-milling + annealing method prevent the dissociation of Li-Mg alloy; reduce the stress/strain during delithiation/lithiation; high capacity (807.8 mA·h·g−1) complex synthesize method: Ar atmosphere, vacuum reaction at high temperature; difficult to prepare high-purity [90]
LixCu6Sn5 electrochemical lithiation method small irreversible capacities; high volumetric capacity (1656 mA·h·ml−1) low gravimetric capacity (Li13Cu6Sn5: 358 mA·h·g−1) [91]
LixInSb ball milling + electrochemical lithiation method good reversibility, stable during lithiation; very small volume changes Low specific capacity (LiInSb, Li2InSb, and Li3InSb, are 113, 227, and 340 mA·h·g−1) [97]
Li-B-Mg fusion reaction method Porous structure; very negative potential close to pure lithium; good strength and hardness, high capacity (Li2.6BMg0.05: 1181.6 mA·h·g−1) complex synthesize method: Ar atmosphere, heating at high temperature [89] [93]