Categories |
Synthesized methods |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
References |
Li-Si
|
fusion
reaction method;
electrochemical lithiation method;
mechanical
ball milling method
|
superior high gravimetric capacity
(Li21Si5:1967
mA·h·g−1); low potential of around 10 mV versus
Li/Li+
|
great
volume expansion; poor reversibility; difficult to realize
electrochemical lithiation into practical application; high
overpotential
for Li metal nucleation
|
[39] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51]
[84]
|
Li-Sn
|
fusion reaction method;
electrodeposition method; surface chemical treatment method
|
high
gravimetric capacity (Li22Sn5: 991
mA·h·g−1); strong affinity towards metallic Li; small
interface impedance and fast lithium ion diffusion
|
great volume expansion; poor reversibility; high overpotential
for Li metal nucleation
|
[39] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [59]
[84]
|
Li-Ge |
electrochemical lithiation method |
high gravimetric capacity
(Li17Ge4: 1568
mA·h·g−1); faster lithium diffusivity at room
temperature |
great volume expansion, poor reversibility, high cost of
Ge |
[48] |
Li-B
|
fusion reaction method
|
Porous structure for accommodating Li deposition; good conductivity
(1.43×103 Ω−1·
cm−1); a high Li ion diffusion rate
|
easily porosity blocking and structure collapse, low hardness
|
[64] [65]
|
Li-Al
|
magnetron sputtering;
fusion
reaction method;
electrochemical
lithiation method
|
higher stability in the air and electrolyte; smaller volume change;
lighter; working in high temperature (i.e.
450
°C)
|
moderate gravimetric capacity (550 mA·h·g−1); a very
narrow range of composition; phase transformations during
cycling, easily disintegrate or degrade; observable
overpotential for Li nucleation
|
[39] [42] [58] [60] [61] [62] [63]
[84]
|
Li-In
|
electroless plating method; electrochemical lithiation method
|
high electropositivity of
lithium relative to indium; a constant redox potential of about
0.6 V vs. Li+/Li (0.5 V at 415 °C); minimal capacity
fade
|
high cost
|
[66] [67]
|
Li-Bi |
electrochemical lithiation method |
high
volumetric
capacity (LiB3: 1760
mA·h·cm−3); working in high temperature
(> 380 °C)
|
low gravimetric capacity
(LiB3: 386 mA·h·g−1) |
[34]
[68] [69] |
Li-Sb
|
electrolysis of liquid antimony with melting salt;
electrochemical
lithiation method
|
high volumetric capacity (Li3Sb:1890
mA·h·cm−3);
working in high temperature (> 350 °C)
|
great volume expansion, poor reversibility; toxic; complex synthesis
method; moderate gravimetric capacity (Li3Sb: 660
mA·h·g−1)
|
[43] [34] [68] [69] [71]
|
Li-Na |
fusion reaction method |
not sacrifice the specific capacity
because Li and Na metals exhibit similar reaction activities; good
electrostatic shield effect |
great volume expansion; high reactivity in
electrolyte; |
[73] [74] [85] |
Li-Mg |
fusion reaction method |
high Li-ion diffusion coefficient; high
gravimetric capacity (2690 mA·h·g−1 for the Mg-70 wt%
Li alloy); lighter; zero overpotential |
covered with an oxide layer
resulting in poor Li kinetic behaviors |
[75] [76] [77]
[78] [79] [80] [84] |
Li-Zn |
electrochemical deposition method; fusion reaction method |
smaller volume expansion; good lithiophilic property to adjust even Li
deposition; eliminating nucleation barriers |
low gravimetric capacity
(355 mA·h·g−1); |
[81] [82] [83] [84]
[98] |
Li-Au |
electrochemical lithiation method |
less structure change;
zero
overpotential; eliminating the nucleation barriers |
high cost |
[84] |
Li-Ag |
electrochemical lithiation method; fusion reaction method |
less
structure change; zero overpotential; eliminating the nucleation
barriers |
high cost |
[99] [83] |
LixCuP |
fusion
reaction method |
good cycling stability |
low
gravimetric
capacity (Li0.25CuP : 430 mA·h·g−1);
complex synthesize method: N2 flow at 780
°C
for 5 days |
[96] |
Li4.4GexSi1-x
|
ball-milling method |
Increasing lithium ions accommodation in the
alloy, good charge–discharge reversibility |
low gravimetric capacity
(Li4.4Ge0.67Si0.33: 190
mA·h·g−1) |
[88] |
Li-Cu-Sb
|
ball milling method,
electrochemical
lithiation method
|
good cycling stability; good electronic conductivity
|
low
gravimetric capacity (Li2CuSb: 290
mA·h·g−1)
|
[87] [36]
|
LiAl1-xZnx
|
fusion
reaction method |
high
theoretical
capacities
|
complex synthesize condition: Ar atmosphere and very high
temperature (900 °C) |
[95] |
Li2MgSi |
ball-milling + annealing method |
prevent the dissociation of Li-Mg alloy;
reduce
the stress/strain during delithiation/lithiation;
high capacity (807.8 mA·h·g−1)
|
complex
synthesize method: Ar atmosphere, vacuum reaction at high temperature;
difficult to prepare high-purity |
[90] |
LixCu6Sn5
|
electrochemical lithiation method |
small
irreversible capacities; high
volumetric
capacity
(1656 mA·h·ml−1)
|
low gravimetric capacity
(Li13Cu6Sn5: 358
mA·h·g−1) |
[91] |
LixInSb |
ball milling + electrochemical
lithiation method |
good reversibility, stable during lithiation; very
small volume changes |
Low specific capacity
(LiInSb,
Li2InSb, and
Li3InSb, are 113, 227, and 340
mA·h·g−1)
|
[97] |
Li-B-Mg |
fusion reaction method |
Porous structure;
very negative potential close to pure
lithium; good
strength and hardness, high capacity
(Li2.6BMg0.05: 1181.6
mA·h·g−1)
|
complex synthesize method: Ar
atmosphere, heating at high temperature |
[89]
[93] |