3.1 The Relationship between Sociodemographic Variables and
Psychological Response
The data obtained from 3549 people were included in the research. The
average age of the participants was 38.8 ± 10.9 years, 1389 (39.1%)
were male and 2160 (60.9%) were female. The average age for women was
37.8 (± 11.1) years and the average age for men was 40.3 ± 10.7 years.
When DASS-21 scores of 3549 participants were evaluated; 200 (5.6%)
individuals were extremely severe, 124 (3.5%) severe, 479 (13.5%)
moderate, 416 (11.7%) mild, 2330 (65.7%) normal levels for depression
subspace. For the anxiety subfield, 187 (5.3%) people were extremely
severe, 127 (3.6%) people were severe, 246 (6.9%) were moderate, 385
(10.8%) were mild, and 2604 (73.4%) were normal. For the stress
subfield 69 (1.9%) individuals were extremely severe, severe for 160
(4.5%) people, moderate for 220 (6.2%) people, mild for 279 (7.9%),
and normal range for 2821 (79.5%). When IESR scores were evaluated; 552
(15.6%) people were in the severe range, 168 (4.7%) people were in the
moderate range, 662 (18.7%) were mild and 2167 (61.1%) were in the
normal range. The prevalence values for the moderate to extremely
severe, while DASS-21 was 10.51% for anxiety, 16.99% for depression,
and 10.71% for stress, the prevalence value for the for the moderate to
extremely severe was 20.29% for IES-R.
Increasing age was associated with high depression (p = 0.021, OR =
0.985) and stress (p = 0.015, OR = 0.981) scores, but had no effect on
anxiety and IES-R (p> 0.05). Being a woman generated more
risk for anxiety, depression, stress and trauma. According to the level
of education, being a university graduate reduces the risk of anxiety by
2.22 times (p = 0.026, OR = 0.451) and the risk of depression
approximately 2.02 (p = 0.04, OR = 0.495) times compared to primary
school graduates. Being secondary and high school graduate did not make
any difference compared to being a primary school graduate
(p> 0.05).
Being married reduced the risk of developing stress 1.739 times compared
to being single (p = 0.002, OR = 0.575). Unemployment, according to
other occupational categories; the existence of health insurance did not
affect the DASS-21 and IES-R scores according compared to its absence
(p> 0.05 for all subdomains). Having income above the
minimum wage significantly contributed to the development of stress. The
most risky group for the development of stress was those with the income
level of 10,000 TL and above (p = 0.003, OR = 2.029). As the number of
people living at home increased, the risk of developing stress
increased. The fact that the number of people living at home was 5 and
above posed a high risk for stress (p = 0.003, OR = 2.476). The presence
of individuals over 65 years old at home did not cause any psychological
response (p = 0.247, OR = 0.807). The presence of psychiatric illness in
the individual was significantly associated with high DASS-21 and IES-R
scores.
Having a history of psychiatric illness increased the risk of developing
anxiety 2.5 times (p <0.001, OR = 2.426), increased the risk
of developing depression 2.3 times (p<0.001; OR = 2.297),
increased the risk of developing stress 2.2 times (p<0.001, OR
= 2.224). It was observed that it increased the risk of developing
trauma approximately 2 times (p<0.001, OR = 2.034). The
presence of chronic illness in the family and smoking did not have any
effect on the development of depression, anxiety, and trauma
(p> 0.05 for all areas). Data related to the relationship
between sociodemographic variables and DASS-21 and IES-R are given in
Table 1.