3.1 The Relationship between Sociodemographic Variables and Psychological Response
The data obtained from 3549 people were included in the research. The average age of the participants was 38.8 ± 10.9 years, 1389 (39.1%) were male and 2160 (60.9%) were female. The average age for women was 37.8 (± 11.1) years and the average age for men was 40.3 ± 10.7 years. When DASS-21 scores of 3549 participants were evaluated; 200 (5.6%) individuals were extremely severe, 124 (3.5%) severe, 479 (13.5%) moderate, 416 (11.7%) mild, 2330 (65.7%) normal levels for depression subspace. For the anxiety subfield, 187 (5.3%) people were extremely severe, 127 (3.6%) people were severe, 246 (6.9%) were moderate, 385 (10.8%) were mild, and 2604 (73.4%) were normal. For the stress subfield 69 (1.9%) individuals were extremely severe, severe for 160 (4.5%) people, moderate for 220 (6.2%) people, mild for 279 (7.9%), and normal range for 2821 (79.5%). When IESR scores were evaluated; 552 (15.6%) people were in the severe range, 168 (4.7%) people were in the moderate range, 662 (18.7%) were mild and 2167 (61.1%) were in the normal range. The prevalence values for the moderate to extremely severe, while DASS-21 was 10.51% for anxiety, 16.99% for depression, and 10.71% for stress, the prevalence value for the for the moderate to extremely severe was 20.29% for IES-R.
Increasing age was associated with high depression (p = 0.021, OR = 0.985) and stress (p = 0.015, OR = 0.981) scores, but had no effect on anxiety and IES-R (p> 0.05). Being a woman generated more risk for anxiety, depression, stress and trauma. According to the level of education, being a university graduate reduces the risk of anxiety by 2.22 times (p = 0.026, OR = 0.451) and the risk of depression approximately 2.02 (p = 0.04, OR = 0.495) times compared to primary school graduates. Being secondary and high school graduate did not make any difference compared to being a primary school graduate (p> 0.05).
Being married reduced the risk of developing stress 1.739 times compared to being single (p = 0.002, OR = 0.575). Unemployment, according to other occupational categories; the existence of health insurance did not affect the DASS-21 and IES-R scores according compared to its absence (p> 0.05 for all subdomains). Having income above the minimum wage significantly contributed to the development of stress. The most risky group for the development of stress was those with the income level of 10,000 TL and above (p = 0.003, OR = 2.029). As the number of people living at home increased, the risk of developing stress increased. The fact that the number of people living at home was 5 and above posed a high risk for stress (p = 0.003, OR = 2.476). The presence of individuals over 65 years old at home did not cause any psychological response (p = 0.247, OR = 0.807). The presence of psychiatric illness in the individual was significantly associated with high DASS-21 and IES-R scores.
Having a history of psychiatric illness increased the risk of developing anxiety 2.5 times (p <0.001, OR = 2.426), increased the risk of developing depression 2.3 times (p<0.001; OR = 2.297), increased the risk of developing stress 2.2 times (p<0.001, OR = 2.224). It was observed that it increased the risk of developing trauma approximately 2 times (p<0.001, OR = 2.034). The presence of chronic illness in the family and smoking did not have any effect on the development of depression, anxiety, and trauma (p> 0.05 for all areas). Data related to the relationship between sociodemographic variables and DASS-21 and IES-R are given in Table 1.