Phylogenetic Relationships and Gene Family Evolution
We estimated a coleopteran phylogeny with high support, with N. riversi as the inferred outgroup (Figure 1 ). Fossil-based time calibrations suggest a divergence time of ~300 million years. The CAFÉ analysis of gene family turnover shows at least seven large lineage-specific rapid gene expansion events in Polyphaga (Figure 1), but a very modest expansion in N. riversi . Most gene contractions are quite small across the Coleoptera phylogeny. An examination of the N. riversi orthogroup expansion events (Table 3 ) shows expansions in zinc finger proteins, trehalose transporters, protein kinases, troponins, multidrug resistance-associated proteins, and synaptic vesile glycoproteins. Contracting orthogroups in N. riversi (Table S10 ) include ligases, ion channel receptors, glutathione S-transferases, nuclear receptor coactivators, aminophospholipid transporters, regucalcin proteins, and dynein complex proteins.
Based on a conservative GSEA (p-value=0.001) of expanded gene families in N. riversi , functionally enriched terms include pathways involved in protein transport, protein phosphorylation, metabolic processes, proteolysis (ubiquitination and proteasome), organismal and brain development, response to heat and synaptic signaling (Table S11; Figure 2 ).