Overall |
- |
(2631) |
45.4 (1055/2322) |
54.6 (1267/2322) |
19.5
(245/1259) |
- |
Sex |
Female |
45.7 (1201) |
46.1 (494/1071) |
53.9 (577/1071) |
17.4
(100/574) |
0.111 |
|
Male |
54.3 (1425) |
44.8 (559/1249) |
55.2 (690/1249) |
21.2
(145/685) |
|
Age in years |
Cohort
Median
(Range)
(Interquartile
range)
|
74
(18 to
102)
(63 to 83)
|
76
(19
to 99)
(66 to 84)
|
73
(18 to 102)
(61 to 82)
|
Re-presented vs no
73 vs
73
(18 to 99) vs (18 to 102)
(61 to 82) vs (61
to 82)
|
0.799 |
Intranasal management |
No intranasal intervention |
13.5 (350) |
14.5
(34/234) |
85.5 (200/234) |
15.2 (30/198) |
- |
|
Cautery only |
14.2 (369) |
10.8 (30/277) |
89.2 (247/277) |
20.0
(49/245) |
0.172 |
|
Non-dissolvable packs |
45.6 (1183) |
70.5 (793/1125) |
29.5
(332/1125) |
18.2 (60/330) |
0.438 |
|
Rapid Rhino |
40.3 (1046) |
72.4 (724/1000) |
27.6 (276/1000) |
20.0
(55/275) |
0.192 |
|
Merocel |
3.0 (78) |
72.1 (49/68) |
27.9 (19/68) |
5.3 (1/19) |
0.968 |
|
Other non-dissolvable |
2.3 (59) |
35.1 (20/57) |
64.9 (37/57) |
11.1
(4/36) |
0.538 |
|
Dissolvable products |
26.7 (692) |
28.9 (198/686) |
71.1 (488/686) |
21.8 (106/486) |
0.074 |
|
NasoPore |
18.6 (483) |
25.3 (121/479) |
74.7 (358/479) |
21.8
(78/357) |
0.096 |
|
Floseal |
5.9 (152) |
38.4 (58/151) |
61.6 (93/151) |
24.7 (23/93) |
0.060 |
|
Other dissolvable |
2.2 (57) |
33.9 (19/56) |
66.1 (37/56) |
13.9
(5/36) |
0.910 |
Non-dissolvable pack by ED |
No |
55.9 (1470) |
28.0 (345/1233) |
72.0
(888/1233) |
21.3 (187/880) |
0.024* |
|
Yes |
44.1 (1158) |
65.2 (709/1087) |
34.8 (378/1087) |
15.3 (58/378) |
|
Silver nitrate cautery at any time |
No |
61.2 (1607) |
53.2 (760/1428) |
46.8 (668/1428) |
18.1 (120/664) |
- |
|
Yes (any) |
38.8 (1019) |
32.8 (292/891) |
67.2 (599/891) |
21.0
(125/595) |
0.203 |
|
Successful |
28.5 (747) |
26.8 (175/654) |
73.2 (479/654) |
18.4
(88/477) |
0.885 |
|
Unsuccessful |
10.3 (269) |
49.2 (116/236) |
50.8 (120/236) |
31.4
(37/118) |
0.001* |
Recent epistaxis treatment |
No |
80.0 (2102) |
44.2 (826/1868) |
55.8
(1042/1868) |
17.0 (176/1035) |
<0.001* |
|
Yes |
20.0 (525) |
50.4 (227/450) |
49.6 (223/450) |
31.1 (69/222) |
|
Hypertension |
No |
41.3 (1071) |
39.5 (365/924) |
60.5 (559/924) |
18.4
(102/554) |
0.459 |
|
Yes |
58.7 (1521) |
49.4 (672/1361) |
50.6 (689/1361) |
20.1 (138/686) |
|
Ischaemic heart disease |
No |
65.9 (1709) |
40.2 (607/1511) |
59.8
(904/1511) |
18.8 (169/898) |
0.416 |
|
Yes |
34.1 (883) |
55.6 (430/774) |
44.4 (344/774) |
20.8 (71/342) |
|
Diabetes |
No |
87.3 (2263) |
44.0 (877/1992) |
56.0 (1115/1992) |
19.3
(214/1109) |
0.882 |
|
Yes |
12.7 (329) |
54.6 (160/293) |
45.4 (133/293) |
19.8 (26/131) |
|
Anticoagulation |
None |
56.8 (1488) |
39.3 (512/1304) |
60.7 (792/1304) |
19.5 (153/786) |
- |
|
Yes (any) |
43.2 (1130) |
53.6 (539/1005) |
46.4 (466/1005) |
19.8
(92/464) |
0.997 |
|
Yes (in range, no treatment) |
31.1 (815) |
43.8 (317/724) |
56.2
(407/724) |
20.2 (82/405) |
0.906 |
|
Yes (in range, lowered) |
7.8 (203) |
79.7 (145/182) |
20.3 (37/182) |
18.9 (7/37) |
0.943 |
|
Yes (above range, no treatment) |
1.1 (29) |
60.0 (15/25) |
40.0
(10/25) |
20.0 (2/10) |
0.969 |
|
Yes (above range, lowered) |
3.2 (83) |
83.8 (62/74) |
16.2 (12/74) |
8.3 (1/12) |
0.349 |
Antiplatelets |
None |
75.5 (1974) |
44.8 (777/1734) |
55.2 (957/1734) |
18.4 (175/950) |
- |
|
Yes (any) |
24.5 (641) |
48.1 (276/574) |
51.9 (298/574) |
23.6
(70/297) |
0.043* |
|
Aspirin (only) |
13.2 (345) |
46.3 (144/311) |
53.7 (167/311) |
24.0
(40/167) |
0.084 |
|
Clopidogrel (only) |
8.1 (213) |
51.1 (97/190) |
48.9 (93/190) |
22.6
(21/93) |
0.304 |
|
Aspirin & Clopidogrel |
3.2 (83) |
47.9 (35/73) |
52.1 (38/73) |
24.3
(9/37) |
0.350 |
IV Tranexamic acid |
No |
77.4 (2029) |
43.1 (768/1781) |
56.9
(1013/1781) |
20.5 (206/1006) |
0.328 |
|
Yes |
22.6 (591) |
62.0 (217/350) |
38.0 (133/350) |
16.7 (22/132) |
|