Geographical distribution
The disease was seen late in 1929 in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and was endemic to African countries for 50 years(Woods, 1988). LSD was found and diagnosed in East Africa (Kenya), Sudan and, West Africa in 1957, 1972, and 1974 respectively. Unconfirmed cases of LSD were reported in Oman and Kuwait between 1984 and 1988(House et al., 1990). It has been spreading rapidly since 2012 through the Middle East, south-east Europe, the Balkans, Caucasus and, Russia and into mainland Europe (Greece) in 2015. The reason behind the sporadic spread of LSD was unclear but multiple researchers presented various Hypotheses including climatic conditions favorable to LSDV spread, or civil conflicts(Beard, 2019). LSD appeared for the first time in Central Asia in July 2016 in Kazakhstan near the border with Russia and the outbreak was controlled with stamping out and a mass vaccination campaign(Europe, No, & Gf-tads, 2018).
LSD was encountered on 12th Aug 2019 in India and 3rd Aug 2019 in China. Due to the presence of an open Indo-Nepal border, there was a higher risk of an outbreak of LSD in Nepal(“Lumpy skin disease India:,” 2019; Health, Centre, & Affairs, 2020).