Conclusion
LSD is one of the major trans-boundary disease affecting cattle and buffaloes and are spreading continuously. We must focus on the quarantine of imported animals, isolation of infected animals, and vaccination. Currently, the available vaccine does not provide each individual with solid protection resulting in the dissemination of the virus by insect vectors. However, the Neethling vaccine is highly effective to prevent morbidity of LSD and must be used for mass vaccination as soon as possible.