2.2 Viral RNA/DNA extractions
Viral RNA (FMDV, VSV, BTV and PPRV) was extracted from 140 μl of CC or CS using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Viral DNA (CaPV, PaPV and BHV) was extracted from 100 μl of CC or CS using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Tissue and skin samples were processed to 10% homogenates in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Thermo Fisher Scientific) as described previously (Das et al. 2017a). To minimize template degradation, extracted viral DNA/RNA were appropriately diluted in nuclease-free water and aliquoted into a smaller volume for one time use only and stored at -70 ºC.