Methods
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify articles reporting the basic mechanisms of bioprosthetic valve dysfunction and the biology of native valve cells. Searches were run in March 2020 in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE® and Google Scholar. Search terms included subject heading and keywords for the following terms: “biological heart valve dysfunction”, “bioprosthesis dysfunction”, “bioprosthesis degeneration” and “tissue heart valves”. There was no patient involvement in this study, so ethic’s board approval was not required. This research received no grant or funding.