Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). BMI = body mass index; CAD = coronary artery disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MS = mini-sternotomy group; NYHA = New York Heart Association; PAD = peripheral artery disease; TT = total thoracoscopic surgery group.

Table 2. Surgical Characteristics