2.2.1 Main drugs involved
Drugs causing fluid overload increase capillary hydrostatic pressure
which is transmitted to the capillary bed, predisposing to edema
formation. Several drugs induce salt and/or water retention either
directly by antinatriuretic and/or antiaquaretic action (e.g., androgens
(Basaria et al., 2010; Beck, Thompson, & Odermatt, 2020; Quinkler et
al., 2005), aromatase inhibitors (Robert & Denduluri, 2018; G. Walker,
Xenophontos, Chen, & Cheung, 2013), estrogens (Stachenfeld, 2008),
gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues (Robert & Denduluri, 2018),
growth hormone (Hazem et al., 2012; Kamenicky et al., 2008),
corticosteroids (Beck et al., 2020), endothelin receptor antagonists
(Wei et al., 2016), opioids (Gardner-Nix, 2002; I. Mahé, Chassany,
Grenard, Caulin, & Bergmann, 2004; Veizi, Tornero-Bold, & Hayek, 2016;
Yeo, Koh, & Lim, 2016)) or indirectly by reactive stimulation of RAAS
(e.g., α1-adrenergic blockers (Sica, 2005), diazoxide (Komatsu et al.,
2016; van Hamersvelt et al., 1996)) or by increase sodium tubular
reabsorption in case of renal hypoperfusion (e.g., minoxidil,
hydralazine (Sica, 2003)).