2.2.1 Main drugs involved
Drugs causing fluid overload increase capillary hydrostatic pressure which is transmitted to the capillary bed, predisposing to edema formation. Several drugs induce salt and/or water retention either directly by antinatriuretic and/or antiaquaretic action (e.g., androgens (Basaria et al., 2010; Beck, Thompson, & Odermatt, 2020; Quinkler et al., 2005), aromatase inhibitors (Robert & Denduluri, 2018; G. Walker, Xenophontos, Chen, & Cheung, 2013), estrogens (Stachenfeld, 2008), gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues (Robert & Denduluri, 2018), growth hormone (Hazem et al., 2012; Kamenicky et al., 2008), corticosteroids (Beck et al., 2020), endothelin receptor antagonists (Wei et al., 2016), opioids (Gardner-Nix, 2002; I. Mahé, Chassany, Grenard, Caulin, & Bergmann, 2004; Veizi, Tornero-Bold, & Hayek, 2016; Yeo, Koh, & Lim, 2016)) or indirectly by reactive stimulation of RAAS (e.g., α1-adrenergic blockers (Sica, 2005), diazoxide (Komatsu et al., 2016; van Hamersvelt et al., 1996)) or by increase sodium tubular reabsorption in case of renal hypoperfusion (e.g., minoxidil, hydralazine (Sica, 2003)).