2.1.1 Main drugs involved
Drugs inducing preferential precapillary arteriolar vasodilatation rise capillary hydrostatic pressure, therefore increasing extravasation from the vascular space into the interstitium. The main causative medications include antihypertensive agents (e.g., calcium channel blockers, minoxidil, hydralazine (Messerli, 2002)), antiparkinsonian drugs (Borovac, 2016; Perez-Lloret et al., 2014; E. K. Tan & Ondo, 2000; E.-K. Tan, 2007; Wood, 2010) potentially through peripheral D1 receptors stimulation (Zeng, Zhang, Asico, Eisner, & Jose, 2007), antidepressant inhibiting 5-HT2 receptors (Ravi, Ravishankar, & Andrade, 2014; Tuman, Tuman, Tuman, & Tuman, 2018; Uguz, 2014), antipsychotics with α1-adrenolytic effect and/or inhibitory effect on 5-HT2 receptors (Hosseini & Ahmadi, 2012; Umar & Abdullahi, 2016), baclofen (Bence et al., 2014) potentially through GABAergic vasodilatation (Estato, Araújo, Bousquet, & Tibiriçá, 2004; Zhang & Mifflin, 2010), endothelin receptors antagonists (Wei et al., 2016), insulin (Lalande & Romero, 2019)).