2. Dataset

The catchment is equipped with instrumentation for basic meteorological, hydrological, and hydropedological variable monitoring. Most of the variables are recorded at 5-minute intervals, soil water content hourly. Discharge is monitored at two locations in the stream. Firstly, in the culvert below the upper field a pressure probe is installed for water depth monitoring, the discharge is calculated based on the calibrated rating curve. Secondly, at the closing profile there is an H-flume with capacity of 400 l s-1 serially connected to a V-notch weir with the capacity of 5 l s-1. The water depth is measured by pressure transducers (LMP307, BD Sensors) and a sonic distance sensor (SR50A, Campbell Sci.). Stream water temperature, electrical conductivity (CS547A, Campbell Sci.), and turbidity (VisoTurb® 700 IQ, WTW) are also monitored. Three rain gauges (tipping buckets with 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm resolutions, MR3 Meteoservis & Pronamic, respectively) are distributed across the catchment. The meteorological station records temperature, humidity (EMS33H, EMS), wind speed and direction (03002, R. M. Young), and net radiation (NR Lite 2, Kipp & Zonen). Groundwater level is monitored via piezometers (LMP307, BD Sensors) at the closing profile and in the upper part of the catchment. The soil water regime is monitored at two points by water content reflectometers (CS650, Campbell Sci.) at depths from 10 to 60 cm. Two cosmic-rays neutron sensors (Cosmic-Ray Neutron Detector System, StyX Neutronica) are installed in the catchment for larger scale topsoil water content estimation (Figure 1).
The precipitation data contains the records from two rain gauges (Rain_1 and Rain_2) (Figure 1). Rainfall observations near the catchment’s outlet (Rain_1) have been recorded since 2013 while the rain gauge in the upper field (Rain_2) has data from the end of 2019. All the precipitation records in the dataset have been post-processed for quality control assurance (to exclude extreme values caused by measurement errors). The temperature has been recorded simultaneously at the same locations as precipitation: near the outlet (Rain_1) since 2013 and the Rain_2 station from the end of 2019. The dataset contains temperature data including daily minimums, averages, and maximums at both stations. Additionally, daily reference evapotranspiration was recorded at the Rain_1 meteorological station from 2013 and saved in the same file as temperature data.
For the hydrological data, the stream discharge in the dataset includes the measured discharge at the catchment outlet since the end of 2013. Quality control of the runoff data (removal of extreme values caused by measurement errors) was implemented and the modified runoff was saved at a 10-minute time resolution. Based on the runoff observation, one or two peak flows usually happen in the summer after intensive summer storms. In addition, the measurement errors of runoff have often occurred during the winter (Figure 2). Moreover, the dataset contains temporal soil moisture records from two points: one is located near the outlet (SWC_1: 3 depths from 10 to 40 cm) since the end of 2013, the other one is close to the powerline (SWC_2: 6 depths from 10 to 60 cm) since the end of 2019 (Figure 1). In general, the soil moisture dynamics (especially the topsoil) are behaviorally similar to the runoff variation (Figure 2). The soil moisture in the upper layer has a higher degree of fluctuation than the lower layers (Figure 3). To summarize the data and provide a more comprehensive perspective of the observations for each year, we have included metadata and an annual report in the dataset. However, since more devices have been deployed at the catchment recently, the dataset will be updated regularly with the observed data from the newly deployed devices.