Climate
An overall warming pattern is manifest in the long-term air temperature record from Svartberget from 1980 to present, but becomes even more visible when extending the time series back to 1891 by using the nearby Stensele site (Fig 2) for extrapolation. Air temperature has increased by about 3.5 ⁰C since 1891 of which approximately 2.0 ⁰C has occurred in the last 40 years (Mann-Kendall test, p<0.001). The seasonal air temperature for winter, spring, summer and fall have all increased almost uniformly over the 40 years of monitoring by approximately 0.05 degrees ⁰C per year (Fig 2b, Mann-Kendall test, p<0.01 for all seasons), which among other consequences are manifested in the 50 year spring ice-off record for a lake just north of Krycklan (Fig 3b). Total annual average precipitation equals 623 mm, ranging from 446 (1994) to 918 mm (1982), with no statistical trend over the last 40 years. Of the precipitation, approximately 30% arrives as snow. The average snow water equivalents (SWE) for the 40 years of record is 180 mm, ranging from 64 (1996) to 321 (1988) mm. The 40-year average duration of winter snow cover is 167 days, but this is decreasing over time. During the first decade of measurement, the average date of initial snow cover was in early November; since then, this onset has been delayed by ~0.5 day yr-1.(Laudon and Löfvenius, 2016). However, the melting of snow in spring has experienced no significant trend, and on average occurs in late April. The long-term average annual runoff at a forest dominated catchment (C7; Fig 3a) has been 298 mm, with a minimum of 112 mm (1996) and maximum of 555 mm (2000) (cf Teutschbein et al., 2018).