2.3 Cardiac catheterization
Preoperative right heart (with or without left heart) catheterization procedures were done from femoral or right internal jugular veins by an interventionalist experienced in hemodynamic measurements. Indirect Fick method was used to calculate cardiac output, and Bergstra’s formula was used to estimate minute oxygen consumption (5,6). Right ventricular stroke work index was calculated by subtracting right atrial pressure from mean pulmonary artery pressure and multiplying the result with stroke volume index.