Study population
Three-dimensional LV datasets were obtained from healthy subjects from 5 pediatric centers from 2014-2019. Inclusion criteria were normal subjects (ages 0 to 18 years) who presented for routine clinical care for heart murmur, chest pain, or syncope. These subjects had echocardiographic evidence of structurally and functionally normal hearts. Exclusion criteria were similar to the Pediatric Heart Network normal echocardiographic database.6 Patients with cardiac abnormalities (except for patent foramen ovale, trivial branch pulmonary stenosis, or inaudible patent ductus arteriosus), Kawasaki disease, cardiomyopathy, exposure to anthracyclines, cardiac transplantation, chronic systemic disease, and preterm infants <37 weeks gestation were excluded. Consents and waiver of consents were obtained based on the individual institutional ethics boards and data use agreements were obtained from each center to Children’s Hospital Colorado (Center 1) which served as the core laboratory for the study. All 3D datasets were anonymized and sent to the core laboratory for data analysis.