FIGURE 3 TA arrests cell cycle and inhibits the migration and invasion of PANC-1 cells. (a) Up: Effect of TA on the cell cycle of PANC-1 cells at the indicated concentrations. Cells were seeded in 6 cm dishes and incubated with the indicated concentrations of TA (0-0.1 μM) for 24 h. Cellular DNA was stained with PI, and flow cytometry analysis was performed to determine cell-cycle distribution. Down: Analysis of the results in (a). Data were analyzed by using ModFit LT software. Data are shown as means ± SEM (n = 5). *P < 0.05. (b) Up: Effect of TA on the apoptosis of PANC-1 cells at the indicated concentrations. Cells were cultured in six-well plates and treated with the indicated concentrations of TA (0-0.2 μM) for 48 h. Following the annexin V-FITC and PI staining procedure, flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect the apoptosis rate. Down: Analysis of the results in (b). Data were analyzed by using FlowJo software. Data are shown as means ± SEM (n = 5). (c) Left: Effect of TA on the migration of PANC-1 cells. Cells were treated with various concentrations of TA (0-0.4 μM) and seeded on the upper chambers. After an incubation of 48 h, cells on the lower surface of the membrane were stained with 0.1% crystal violet. Scale bar, 50 μm. Right: Analysis of the results in (c). Migrated cells were counted by using ImageJ software. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 5). *P < 0.05. (d) Left: Effect of TA on the invasion of PANC-1 cells. Cells were treated with various concentrations of TA (0-0.4 μM) and seeded on the upper chambers pre-coated with 50 µL of Matrigel. After an incubation of 48 h, cells on the lower surface of the membrane were stained with 0.1% crystal violet. Scale bar, 50 μm. Right: Analysis of the results in (d). Invasive cells were counted by using ImageJ software. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 5). *P < 0.05.