Study design and settings
This cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2019 as an online
survey of 2,215 candidates, registered at a private online research
firm, who raised preschool children; among them, 1,030 completed the
questionnaire (response rate 46.5%). Participants were primary
caregivers of children aged 2-6 years.
Prior to answering the questionnaire, the website administrator provided
consent forms to respondents and informed them that completing the
questionnaire was equivalent to their agreement to study participation.
This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by
the ethics committee of Nagoya City University Graduate School of
Nursing (Approval No. 19014-2).