Reference
Arias, C.F., and R.M. Dubois, 2017: The astrovirus capsid: A review.Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v9010015.
Asplin, F.D., 1965: Duck hepatitis: vaccination against two serological
types. Vet. Rec. DOI: 10.1136/vr.77.50.1529.
Bass, D.M., and S. Qiu, 2000: Proteolytic Processing of the Astrovirus
Capsid. J. Virol. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.4.1810-1814.2000.
Baxendale, W., and T. Mebatsion, 2004: The isolation and
characterisation of astroviruses from chickens. Avian Pathol. DOI:
10.1080/0307945042000220426.
Bergamini, G., T. Preiss, and M.W. Hentze, 2000: Picornavirus IRESes and
the poly(A) tail jointly promote cap-independent translation in a
mammalian cell-free system. RNA DOI: 10.1017/S1355838200001679.
Chen, L., Q. Xu, R. Zhang, J. Li, Z. Xie, Y. Wang, Y. Zhu, and S. Jiang,
2012: Complete Genome Sequence of a Duck Astrovirus Discovered in
Eastern China. J. Virol. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02637-12.
Chu, D.K.W., C.Y.H. Leung, H.K.K. Perera, E.M. Ng, M. Gilbert, P.H.
Joyner, A. Grioni, G. Ades, Y. Guan, J.S.M. Peiris, and L.L.M. Poon,
2012: A Novel Group of Avian Astroviruses in Wild Aquatic Birds.J. Virol. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02105-12.
De Benedictis, P., S. Schultz-Cherry, A. Burnham, and G. Cattoli, 2011:
Astrovirus infections in humans and animals - Molecular biology, genetic
diversity, and interspecies transmissions. Infect. Genet.
Evol. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.024.
Fauquet, C., M.A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger, and L.A. Ball,
2005: Virus Taxonomy: Eighth Report of the International Committee on
Taxonomy of Viruses.Virus Taxon. Eighth Rep. Int. Comm. Taxon.
Viruses .
Fu, Y., M. Pan, X. Wang, Y. Xu, X. Xie, N.J. Knowles, H. Yang, and D.
Zhang, 2009: Complete sequence of a duck astrovirus associated with
fatal hepatitis in ducklings. J. Gen. Virol. DOI:
10.1099/vir.0.008599-0.
Fu, Y., M. Pan, X. Wang, Y. Xu, H. Yang, and D. Zhang, 2008: Molecular
detection and typing of duck hepatitis A virus directly from clinical
specimens. Vet. Microbiol. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.03.011.
Haider, S.A., and B.W. Calnek, 1979: In vitro isolation, propagation,
and characterization of duck hepatitis virus type III. Avian
Dis. DOI: 10.2307/1589748.
Jiang, B., S.S. Monroe, E. V. Koonin, S.E. Stine, and R.I. Glass, 1993:
RNA sequence of astrovirus: Distinctive genomic organization and a
putative retrovirus-like ribosomal frameshifting signal that directs the
viral replicase synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. DOI:
10.1073/pnas.90.22.10539.
Kang, K. Il, E. Linnemann, A.H. Icard, V. Durairaj, E. Mundt, and H.S.
Sellers, 2018: Chicken astrovirus as an aetiological agent of
runting-stunting syndrome in broiler chickens. J. Gen. Virol. DOI:
10.1099/jgv.0.001025.
Kean, K.M., 2003: The role of mRNA 5′-noncoding and 3′-end sequences on
40S ribosomal subunit recruitment, and how RNA viruses successfully
compete with cellular mRNAs to ensure their own protein synthesis.Biol. Cell DOI: 10.1016/S0248-4900(03)00030-3.
Lee, T.W., and J.B. Kurtz, 1994: Prevalence of human astrovirus
serotypes in the Oxford region 1976-92, with evidence for two new
serotypes. Epidemiol. Infect. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268800057551.
Liao, Q., N. Liu, X. Wang, F. Wang, and D. Zhang, 2015: Genetic
characterization of a novel astrovirus in Pekin ducks. Infect.
Genet. Evol. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.025.
Liu, N., F. Wang, J. Shi, L. Zheng, X. Wang, and D. Zhang, 2014:
Molecular characterization of a duck hepatitis virus 3-like astrovirus.Vet. Microbiol. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.026.
Liu, N., F. Wang, and D. Zhang, 2014: Complete sequence of a novel duck
astrovirus. Arch. Virol. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2141-0.
Mendez, E., G. Aguirre-Crespo, G. Zavala, and C.F. Arias, 2007:
Association of the Astrovirus Structural Protein VP90 with Membranes
Plays a Role in Virus Morphogenesis. J. Virol. DOI:
10.1128/jvi.00785-07.
Niu, Y., H. Ma, Y. Ding, Z. Li, Y. Sun, M. Li, and Y. Shi, 2019: The
pathogenicity of duck hepatitis A virus types 1 and 3 on ducklings.Poult. Sci. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez455.
Pantin-Jackwood, M.J., E. Spackman, and P.R. Woolcock, 2006: Molecular
characterization and typing of chicken and turkey astroviruses
circulating in the United States: Implications for diagnostics.Avian Dis. DOI: 10.1637/7512-020606R.1.
Silvestri, L.S., J.M. Parilla, B.J. Morasco, S.A. Ogram, and J.B.
Flanegan, 2006: Relationship between poliovirus negative-strand RNA
synthesis and the length of the 3′ poly(A) tail. Virology DOI:
10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.019.
Todd, D., V.J. Smyth, N.W. Ball, B.M. Donnelly, M. Wylie, N.J. Knowles,
and B.M. Adair, 2009: Identification of chicken enterovirus-like
viruses, duck hepatitis virus type 2 and duck hepatitis virus type 3 as
astroviruses. Avian Pathol. DOI: 10.1080/03079450802632056.
Wei, F., J. Yang, Y. Wang, H. Chen, Y. Diao, and Y. Tang, 2020:
Isolation and characterization of a duck-origin goose astrovirus in
China. Emerg. Microbes Infect. DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1765704.
Wen, X., D. Zhu, A. Cheng, M. Wang, S. Chen, R. Jia, M. Liu, K. Sun, X.
Zhao, Q. Yang, Y. Wu, and X. Chen, 2018: Molecular epidemiology of duck
hepatitis a virus types 1 and 3 in China, 2010–2015. Transbound.
Emerg. Dis. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12741.
Willcocks, M.M., T.D.K. Brown, C.R. Madeley, and M.J. Carter, 1994: The
complete sequence of a human astrovirus. J. Gen. Virol. DOI:
10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1785.
Yang, J., J. Tian, Y. Tang, and Y. Diao, 2018: Isolation and genomic
characterization of gosling gout caused by a novel goose astrovirus.Transbound. Emerg. Dis. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12928.
Zhang, Q., Y. Cao, J. Wang, G. Fu, M. Sun, L. Zhang, L. Meng, G. Cui, Y.
Huang, X. Hu, and J. Su, 2018: Isolation and characterization of an
astrovirus causing fatal visceral gout in domestic goslings article.Emerg. Microbes Infect. DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0074-5.
Zhang, R., J. Lan, H. Li, J. Chen, Y. Yang, S. Lin, Z. Xie, and S.
Jiang, 2019: A novel method to rescue and culture duck Astrovirus type 1
in vitro. Virol. J. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1218-5.
Figure 1 Regions of DAstV -1 infection outbreak in
China. The provinces affected with DAstV -1 infection were indicated in
grey.
Figure 2 Phylogenetic relationship analysis based on
nucleotide sequences of ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF2 of the DAstV-SDZZ strain
(●) and other AstVs. The trees were generated using MEGA 7.0 software
and the Neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The
DAstV -SDZZ isolate determined in this work is indicated by a red dot.
Figure 3 Histopathological changes in experimentally infected
ducklings with DAstV-SDZZ strain. A Petechial and ecchymosis
hemorrhages in liver. B Severe hemorrhage and swellings of
kidneys. C Steatosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells of
livers. D Necrosis and degeneration of renal epithelial cells,
accompanied by infiltration of inflammatory cells and severe
haemorrhage.