Study area
The study was conducted in the Hluhluwe section of Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park Park (900 km2), situated in Zululand, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (28.2198° S, 31.9519° E). The park receives rainfall ranging from 700 mm to 985 mm, usually in summer between October-March (Boundja & Midgley, 2010). Most of the park is covered with woodland savanna interspersed with shrub thicket. The majority of habitats vary from semi-deciduous forest on the northern side (Hluhluwe Game Reserve) to open savanna woodland (iMfolozi Game Reserve). The park is managed by Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Wildlife, and is a wildlife conservation area (Gray & Bond, 2013).