Variable Overall Wheeze Wheeze Wheeze Asthma Asthma Asthma SPT to any allergen SPT to any allergen SPT to any allergen
n (%) % OR (95% CI) P value % OR (95% CI) P value % OR (95% CI) P value
Any maternal geohelminth No Yes 1048 (54.2) 885 (45.8) 6.2 7.0 1 1.14 (0.79-1.63)
0.478
8.2 7.6 1 0.92 (0.66-1.28)
0.606
16.8 12.2 1 0.69 (0.53-0.89)
0.005
Any childhood geohelminths No Yes 1054 (54.5) 879 (45.5) 6.7 6.4 1 0.94 (0.66-1.35)
0.747
8.4 7.4 1 0.88 (0.63-1.22)
0.439
16.4 13.0 1 0.75 (0.59-0.98)
0.034
Maternal age (yrs) ≤20 21-29 ≥30 501 (25.9) 929 (48.1) 503 (26.0) 5.8 6.6 7.4 1 1.14 (0.72-1.80) 1.29 (0.78-2.14) 0.564 0.317 6.6 8.7 7.8 1 1.35 (0.89-2.06) 1.19 (0.74-1.93 0.157 0.474 13.8 14.0 16.9 1 (0.74-1.40) 1.27 (0.90-1.80) 0.908 0.170
Maternal ethnicity Afro-Ecuadorian Non-Afro-Ecuadorian 508 (26.3) 1425 (73.7) 7.7 6.2 1 0.79 (0.54-1.17)
0.242
11.8 6.5 1 0.52 (0.37-0.73)
<0.001
14.8 14.7 1 0.99 (0.75-1.32)
0.958
Maternal educational level Illiterate Complete primary Complete Secondary 293 (15.2) 1133 (58.6) 507 (26.2) 5.5 6.2 8.2 1 1.14 (0.65-1.99) 1.52 (0.84-2.77) 0.646 0.167 8.2 7.3 9.1 1 0.89 (0.55-1.42) 1.12 (0.67-1.87) 0.616 0.671 14.7 13.7 17.0 1 0.92 (0.64-1.33) 1.19 (0.89-1.77) 0.661 0.397
Area of residence Urban Rural 1346 (69.6) 587 (30.4) 7.4 4.6 1 0.60 (0.39-0.93)
0.022
9.4 4.6 1 0.47 (0.30-0.72)
<0.001
15.5 13.0 1 0.81 (0.61-1.08)
0.153
Sex Male Female 984 (50.9) 949 (49.1) 7.9 5.2 1 0.63 (0.44-0.91)
0.015
8.7 7.1 1 0.79 (0.57-1.11)
0.172
16.5 12.9 1 0.75 (0.58-0.96)
0.025
Socioeconomic status§ 1 2 3 642 (33.2) 638 (33.0) 653 (33.8) 6.2 5.6 7.8 1 0.90 (0.57-1.43) 1.28 (0.83-1.96) 0.656 0.267 7.8 7.2 8.7 1 0.92 (0.61-1.40) 1.13 (0.76-1.68) 0.695 0.539 13.4 14.0 16.7 1 1.05 (0.76-1.44) 1.30 (0.95-1.76) 0.773 0.098
Birth order 1st 2nd-4th ≥5th 490 (25.4) 1063 (55.0) 380 (19.6) 6.1 7.3 5.0 1 1.21 (0.79-1.88) 0.81 (0.45-1.46) 0.382 0.477 5.5 9.4 6.8 1 1.78 (1.15-2.76) 1.26 (0.72-2.20) 0.010 0.416 16.7 13.5 15.5 1 1.05 (0.76-1.44) 1.30 (0.95-1.76) 0.088 0.632
Maternal allergy No Yes 1830 (95.4) 89 (4.6) 6.3 12.4 1 2.10 (1.09-4.06)
0.027
7.7 14.6 1 2.06 (1.12-3.81)
0.020
14.4 18.0 1 1.30 (0.75-2.27)
0.355
Household overcrowding¶ ≤3 >3 1086 (56.2) 847 (43.8) 6.5 6.6 1 1.01 (0.70-1.45)
0.948
7.6 8.4 1 1.12 (0.80-1.56)
0.502
15.6 13.6 1 0.85 (0.66-1.10)
0.222
Pets inside house No Yes 1438 (74.4) 495 (25.6) 6.3 7.3 1 1.16 (0.78-1.73)
0.465
7.7 8.7 1 1.15 (0.79-1.66)
0.461
14.5 15.2 1 1.05 (0.79-1.40)
0.738
Large farm animals‡ No Yes 1294 (66.9) 639 (33.1) 7.0 5.8 1 0.82 (0.55-1.22)
0.331
8.0 7.7 1 0.95 (0.67-1.35)
0.778
15.8 12.5 1 0.76 (0.58-1.01)
0.058
Pneumonia to 13 months No Yes 1758 (95.3) 90 (4.7) 6.6 5.6 1 0.83 (0.33-2.09)
0.697
7.9 7.8 1 0.99 (0.45-2.18)
0.980
15.0 7.8 1 0.48 (0.22-1.04)
0.064