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\begin{document}

\title{Can gravel augmentation restore thermal functions in gravel-bed rivers?
A need to assess success within a trajectory-based BACI framework}



\author[1]{Baptiste Marteau}%
\author[1]{Kristell Michel}%
\author[2]{Hervé Piégay}%
\affil[1]{UMR 5600}%
\affil[2]{CNRS}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 23, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Gravel augmentation has become common practice to mitigate the effects
of decline in upstream sediment supply in gravel-bed rivers. However,
the functional aspects of river systems are often left out of
rehabilitation monitoring programmes. Despite temperature being a
fundamental parameter determining the general health of rivers, a
limited number of studies have tested whether gravel augmentation can
aid restoring thermal functions. Using airborne thermal infrared (TIR)
imagery, this paper explores potential positive outcomes through the
monitoring of gravel augmentation actions on 3 rivers in France using
hydro-morphological indicators within a trajectory-based Before-After
Control-Impact (BACI) framework. This design, combining long-term
geomorphic evolution with TIR-based CI strategy, indicated that
restoring forms was not sufficient to restore thermal functions in their
spatial dimension. Despite forms showing various degrees of recovery,
the thermal regime of rehabilitated reaches (i.e. temperature gradient,
cold-water patches density, etc.) failed to recover. Nonetheless,
hydro-morphological indices can be used to estimate long-term evolution
of groundwater-surface water interactions. We emphasise the benefits of
trajectory-based BACI assessment to identify current conditions,
understand the past evolution (trajectory) of the system to define the
framework within which rehabilitation can be objectively assessed,
especially when assessing hydrological (here thermal) processes. From a
hydrological perspective, the gap between restored forms and restored
thermal processes stems from the alteration of connectivity pathways,
which potentially require more time (or efforts) to be recovered than
forms do. With an increasing number of rehabilitation schemes and
increasing pressure of global changes on rivers, we suggest that
monitoring of water temperature becomes a routine part of rehabilitation
projects.%
\end{abstract}%



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