Current AR (n=246) Controls (n=1200) P- value
Age (year) 11.10 ± 0.89 11.10 ± 0.87 0.942
Male 140/246 (56.9%) 584/1198 (48.7%) 0.020
BMI (kg/m2) 19.41 ± 3.50 19.01 ± 3.23 0.084
Urban dweller (Seoul) 141/246 (57.3%) 438/1200 (36.5%) 0.000
Parental history of allergic diseases 117/239 (49.0%) 240/1168 (20.5%) 0.000
Parental income (Korean Won/month) 0.000
Low (≤2,900,000) 39/230 (17.0%) 307/1106 (27.8%)
Middle (3,000,000-4,900,000) 163/230 (70.9%) 725/1106 (65.6%)
High (≥5,000,000) 28/230 (12.2%) 74/1106 (6.7%)
Highly educated mother (college graduates) 145/241 (60.2%) 526/1124 (46.8%) 0.000
Exposure to tobacco smoke 101/241 (41.9%) 541/1168 (46.3%) 0.211
Antibiotic use during infancy 0.000
No use 157/246 (63.8%) 924/1166 (79.2%)
Use 89/246 (36.2%) 242/1166 (20.8%)
1–2 course(s) 41/244 (16.8%) 146/1159 (12.6%)
≥3 courses 46/244 (18.9%) 89/1159 (7.7%)
Cesarean section delivery 84/244 (34.4%) 393/1171 (33.6%) 0.795
Breast milk feeding 0.567
No 105/245 (42.9%) 484/1184 (40.9%)
Yes 140/245 (57.1%) 700/1184 (59.1%)
During <6 months 74/234 (31.6%) 311/1117 (27.8%)
During ≥6 months 64/234 (27.4%) 370/1117 (33.1%)
Having older siblings 0.000
No siblings 124/242 (51.2%) 439/1182 (37.1%)
Yes 118/242 (48.8%) 743/1182 (62.9%)
Only one 92/242 (38.0%) 476/1182 (40.3%)
Two or more 26/242 (10.7%) 267/1182 (22.6%)