aAdjusting for age(<65 vs.≥65 yr), personal habits of smoking, alcohol, betel nut, family history of prostate cancer, and prostatespecific antigen level (<10 vs. ≥10 ng/mL). bMedians of 42.83 ng/mg creatinine for melatonin, 23.92 ng/mg. creatinine for cortisol, and 1.81 for MT/C ratio. cMelatonin/Cortisol;dProstate-specific antigen.
Table 3. Association between urinary biomarkers of circadian hormone dichotomized by medians and clinical staging of prostate cancer