References
1. Rechenberg W. Identification of outliers. Vol. 311, Fresenius’
Zeitschrift f�r Analytische Chemie. 1982. 590–597 p.
2. Taleb NN. The black swan : the impact of the highly improbable.
Penguin Books Ltd. 2007. 72–78 p.
3. Gladwell M. Outliers. Vol. 20, Penguin. 2008. 309 p.
4. Bevan G, Hood C. Have targets improved performance in the English
NHS? BMJ Br Med J. 2006;332(7538):419–22.
5. Aylin P, Alves B, Best N, Cook A, Elliott P, Evans SJW, et al.
Comparison of UK paediatric cardiac surgical performance by analysis of
routinely collected data 1984-96: Was Bristol an outlier? Lancet.
2001;358(9277):181–7.
6. Dubois RW, Brook RH, Rogers WH. Adjusted hospital death rates: A
potential screen for quality of medical care. Am J Public Health.
1987;77(9):1162–7.
7. Limb M. Need for accountability should not result in “toxic” blame
culture in NHS , conference hears. Br Med J. 2013;22(82):1–2.
8. McKee M, Hunter D. Mortality league tables: do they inform or
mislead? Qual Health Care. 1995;4(1):5–12.
9. Bayman EO, Dexter F, Todd MM. Prolonged Operative Time to Extubation
Is Not a Useful Metric for Comparing the Performance of Individual
Anesthesia Providers. Anesthesiology. 2016;124(2):322–38.
10. Bridgewater B. Mortality data in adult cardiac surgery for named
surgeons: retrospective examination of prospectively collected data on
coronary artery surgery and aortic valve replacement. BMJ.
2005;330(7490):506–10.
11. Shahian DM, Edwards FH, Jacobs JP, Prager RL, Normand SLT, Shewan
CM, et al. Public reporting of cardiac surgery performance: Part 2 -
Implementation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92(3 SUPPL.).
12. Henderson A, Henderson S. Provision of a surgeon’s performance data
for people considering elective surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2015;2015(2).
13. Jarral OA, Baig K, Pettengell C, Uppal R, Taggart DP, Darzi A, et
al. National survey of UK consultant surgeons’ opinions on
surgeon-specific mortality data in cardiothoracic surgery. Circ
Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2016;9(4):414–23.
14. Alexander J a, Weiner BJ, Shortell SM, Baker LC. Does quality
improvement implementation affect hospital quality of care? Hosp Top.
2007;85(2):3–12.
15. Rousson V, Le Pogam MA, Eggli Y. Control limits to identify outlying
hospitals based on risk-stratification. Stat Methods Med Res.
2018;27(6):1737–50.
16. Brakenhoff TB, Roes KCB, Moons KGM, Groenwold RHH. Outlier
classification performance of risk adjustment methods when profiling
multiple providers. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):1–16.
17. West M, Eckert R, Stewart K, Passmore B. Developing collective
leadership for health care. King’s Fund. 2014;(May):1–36.
18. Nutley SM, Davies HTO. Developing organizational learning in the
NHS. Vol. 35, Medical Education. 2001. p. 35–42.
19. Weiner BJ, Shortell SM, Alexander J. Promoting clinical involvement
in hospital quality improvement efforts: the effects of top management,
board, and physician leadership. Health Serv Res. 1997;32(4):491–510.
20. Shipton H, Armstrong C, West M, Dawson J. The impact of leadership
and quality climate on hospital performance. Int J Qual Heal Care.
2008;20(6):439–45.
21. Spiegelhalter DJ, Aylin P, Best NG, Evans SJW, Murray GD.
Commissioned analysis of surgical performance using routine data:
Lessons from the Bristol inquiry. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc.
2002;165(2):191–231.