Note. PPL, percentage of polymorphic loci; N a, observed number of alleles; N e, effective number of alleles; h , Nei’s genetic diversity; I , Shannon’s information index. H t, total gene diversity; H s, the average gene diversity within populations;G _ST, the genetic differentiation between populations; N m, gene flow.

Table 3 Genetic diversity, differentiation parameters, and neutrality test for 43 populations of P. villosa in the present study