Type Etiology Pathogenesis Reference | Type Etiology Pathogenesis Reference | Type Etiology Pathogenesis Reference | Type Etiology Pathogenesis Reference |
Lupus panniculitis (lupus profundus) | Autoimmune connective tissue disease | Infiltration of T-lymphocytes and macrophages, type III hypersensitivity in patients with C4 deficiency, interferon-driven Th1 immune response | (188) |
Sclerosing panniculitis (Lipodermatosclerosis) | Venous insufficiency, obesity | Lymphocytic infiltration, lipomembranous changes and thickened membrane | (189, 190) |
Sclerema neonatorum
|
Hypothermia, asphyxia, dehydration
|
Inflammation sparse to absent, crystallization of fat due to an increased saturated : unsaturated fatty acid ratio |
(191)
|
Neonatal subcutaneous fat necrosis | Hypercalcemia, hypothermia, hypoglycemia | Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages | (192) |
Pancreatic panniculitis | Pancreatic disorders | Elevated enzyme levels (lipase, amylase and trypsin), infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and multinucleated giant cells | (193) |
Infection-induced panniculitis
|
Infectious agents such as “bacteria, mycobacteria, coxiella, borrelia, fungi and helminths”, vascular proliferation, hemorrhage, necrosis |
Neutrophilic infiltration
|
(194)
|
Traumatic panniculitis | External injury such as cold in infants, injections, radiation in deep tissue, self-injection of oily materials on the male genitalia, adipocyte necrosis | Infiltration of lymphocytes, neutrophils, foamy macrophages, plasma cells, eosinophils | (195-197) |
Factitious panniculitis | Self-induction of unknown substances | Unknown | (198) |
Subcutaneous sarcoidosis | Systemic sarcoidosis | Granulomatous infiltration | (199) |
Post-steroid panniculitis | Follows rapid corticosteroid withdrawal | Neutrophilic infiltration | (200) |
Panniculitis like T-cell lymphoma | Malignancy-related panniculitis-like infiltrates | Neoplastic T-cells (CD8+ cells) and macrophages infiltration | (201) |
Weber-Christian Disease | Idiopathic nodular panniculitis | Unknown |